Essay writing tips essay writing: December 2019

Tuesday, December 31, 2019

The Death Penalty - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3062 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Death Penalty Essay Did you like this example? THE DEATH PENALTY Abstract The article focuses on the law of death penalty which was established in the seventh B.C. the death penalty included the laws for such actions or deed committed by people who commit a sin or an action is regarded as unlawful. In this article, Death Penalty has been discussed with its history in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The article also discusses various standpoints keeping in view the different religions, such as, Islam and Christianity. Furthermore, the human rights and death penalty are related that how the punishment affects the rights of people and what are the opinions of people regarding the death penalty. Another important aspect regarding the society is discussed that what is the effect of death penalty on the society? Has it reduced the crime rate or not? Introduction Death penalty is known as capital punishment, executed by the law governing body of a state. It is executed where a serious crime is commi tted, for example, murder, rape, or any other form of serious crimes. Around one third of the countries allow death penalty. Such countries include China, Iran and United States, where the death penalties are executed on a large scale. Still, there are many countries who do not allow death penalty as a solution for a crime. These countries are Canada, Australia and Mexico who have abolished the rule about death penalty. However, many other countries have different strategies and policies which they implement for the death penalty on people even with some less serious crimes of drug business, robbery, and others. Early Centuries (B.C and A.D) First time in the history, the death penalty law was established in Eighteenth century B.C for 25 different types of crimes. In fact it does not start from Eighteenth century, as death penalty was also a part of the Fourteenth Century B.C, Even if history is viewed a little bit back then in the Seventh Century B.C there were laws for the c rimes. According to those laws, death was the only punishment for all the crimes. In the fifteenth Century punishment for the crimes was also death or to use such ways to punish that leads to the death of the criminal. In the Tenth Era A.D., hanging became the regular method of execution in UK. Within the following century, William the master wouldnt permit people to be hanged or otherwise dead for any misconduct, excluding in eras of war. Some common strategies of execution at that point were steaming, fiery at the stake, hanging, decapitation, and depiction and dividing. Implementations were administered for such capital evil doing as wedding a Jew, not admitting to a criminal crime, and disloyalty. The number of center corruptions in UK continued to rise throughout subsequent two eras. By the 1700s, 222 misconducts were indictable by death in UK, together with stealing, thinning out a tree, and robbing a rabbit warren. Due to the severity of the execution, several juries wo uldnt convict defendants if the offense wasnt serious. This resulted in reforms of Britains execution. From 1823 to 1837, the execution was eliminated for over a hundred of the 222 crimes punishable by death (Randa, 1997). Nineteenth Century In the early Nineteenth Century, the Eradicator movement gained speed in the northeast. Many countries condensed the number of their law-breaking activities. In 1834, Pennsylvania turns out to be the first state to move implementations away from the public perceptiveness and booming them out in correctional conveniences. In mid-Eighties, Michigan became the primary state to get rid of the corporal punishment for all corruptions except disloyalty. Later, Rhode Island and Wisconsin eliminated the corporal punishment for all crimes. By the beginning of the century, the globe would see the countries of Republic of Venezuela, Portugal, Holland, Costa Rica, Brazil and South American nation imitate Rhode Island and Wisconsin (Bohm, 1999 and Sc habas, 1997). Even though U.S. originated eradicating the corporal punishment, most states control onto death penalty. Some states created additional crimes capital offenses, particularly for offenses committed by slaves. In 1838, in a shot to form the corporal punishment additional edible to the general public, some states began passing laws against obligatory death sentencing instead enacting discretionary corporal penalty statutes. The 1838 enactment of discretionary corporal penalty statutes in Tennessee, and far ahead in Alabama, were perceived as an outstanding reform. This introduction of sentencing discretion within the capital method was perceived as a conclusion for abolitionists as a result of before the enactment of those statutes; all states mandated the corporal punishment for anyone guilty of a capital crime, in spite of circumstances. With the exception of a little range of seldom committed crimes during a few jurisdictions, all obligatory death penalty regulation s had been eradicated by 1963. (Bohm, 1999) All through the warfare, opposition to the corporal punishment waned, as supplementary devotion was given to the anti-slavery association. The concept of electric chair was familiarized at the top of the century. The primary instrument of execution was engineered in 1888, and in 1890 William Kemmler was the first to be killed by this instrument. Soon, different states adopted this execution technique (Randa, 1997). Although some states abolished the corporal punishment within the mid-nineteenth century, it took place in the middle of the twentieth century that marked the start of the Progressive Period of reform within the U.S. From 1907 to 1917, six states utterly illicit the corporal punishment and three restricted it to the seldom committed crimes of treason and degree murder of an enforcement official. However, this reform was transient. There was a fervent atmosphere within the U.S., as voters began to panic regarding the threat of revolution within the wake of the Russian Revolution. Additionally, the U.S. had simply entered the World War I and there have been intense category conflicts as socialists mounted the primary serious challenge to laissez-faire economy. As a result, five of the six crusader states reinstated their corporal punishment by 1920. (Bedau, 1997 and Bohm, 1999) In 1924, the utilization of cyanide gas was introduced, as Silver State wanted an additional humane manner of capital punishment its inmates. Gee Jon was the primary person dead by fatal experience. The municipal strained to thrust cyanide gas into Jons cell whereas he slept, however this well-tried not possible, and therefore the instrument of execution was created. (Bohm, 1999) From the Twenties to the Forties, there was a restoration within the use of the corporal punishment. This owed, in part, to the literatures of criminologists; United Nations agency argued that the corporal punishment was a necessary social life. W ithin the U.S., Americans were suffering through prohibition and therefore the slump. There have been additional executions within the Thirties than in the other decade in Yankee history, a median of 167 per annum. (Bohm, 1999 and Schabas, 1997) In the Nineteen Fifties, public sentiment began to show far from death penalty. Several allied nations either abolished or restricted the corporal punishment, and within the U.S., the quantity of executions born dramatically. Whereas there have been one,289 executions within the Forties, there have been 715 within the Nineteen Fifties, and therefore the range fell even more, to solely 191, from 1960 to 1976. In 1966, support for death penalty reached Associate in nursing the bottom. ReligionsÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Standpoints: Christianity Old Evidence Law agreed the death penalty for a wide list of corruptions that includes Slaughter (Exodus 21:12-14;Leviticus 24:17,21), Attacking or cursing a parent (Exodus 21:15,17), Disobedience to parents (Deuteronomy 21:18-21), Kidnapping (Exodus 21:16), Failure to confine a dangerous animal, resulting in death (Exodus 21:28-29), Witchcraft and sorcery (Exodus 22:18,Leviticus 20:27,Deuteronomy 13:5,1Samuel 28:9), Human sacrifice (Leviticus 20:2-5), Sex with an animal (Exodus 22:19,Leviticus 20:16), Doing work on the Sabbath (Exodus 31:14,35:2,Numbers 15:32-36), Incest (Leviticus 18:6-18,20:11-12,14,17,19-21), Adultery (Leviticus 20:10;Deuteronomy 22:22), Homosexual acts (Leviticus 20:13), Prostitution by a priests daughter (Leviticus 21:9), Blasphemy (Leviticus 24:14,16,23), False prophecy (Deuteronomy 18:20), Perjury in capital cases (Deuteronomy 19:16-19), Rejecting to follow a decision of a judge or minister (Deuteronomy 17:12), Fabricated privilege of a womans virginity at time of matrimonial (Deuteronomy 22:13-21), Sex between a woman vowed to be wedded and a man other than her engaged (Deuteronomy 22:23-24). Christians have faith that any discrete has to suffer the concerns of their activities but no one has the right to take another human life nevertheless of the crime committed. They believe it is God who gives life so he should be the one to take it. ReligionsÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Standpoints: Islam If anyone kills someone unless its for murder or for spreading mischief within the land it might be as if he killed all individuals. And if anyone saves a life, it might be as if he saved the lifetime in all inhabitants (Kuran 5:32). Existence is holy, in keeping with Islam and most alternative world faiths. However will one hold life sacred, however at rest prop up execution? The Kuran answers, catch not live that God has created sacred, except by manner of justice and law. So will he command you, in order that youll learn wisdom (6:151).The Quran legislate the capital punishment for murder, though forgiveness and compassion are powerfully inspired. The murder victims family is given an option to either implement the capital punishment, or to pardon the wrongdoer and settle for financial compensation for his or her loss (2:178). The second crime that execution may be applied may be a bit a lot of receptive interpretation. Spreading mischief within the land will mean many alternative things, however is mostly taken to mean those crimes that have an effect on the community as an entire, amd undermine the civilization. Crimmes that contain the underneath this description include: i.sedition ii.violence iii.piracy iv.Rape v.infidelity vi.Homosexual actions (Erik C. Owens) Actual strategies of execution vary from place to position. In some Muslim countries, strategies have enclosed beheading, hanging, and stoning. Executions are command in public, to function warnings to would-be criminals. The executing has been illicit in a very majority of the worlds nations, however continues to be used wide within the geographical region. One of the most reasons for the employment of execution during this r egion is that its clearly permissible by the sacred writing, the Muslim holy text. As such, most nations that think about Islam to be the state of faith (including UAE, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar and others) and every one Muslim states (including Asian country, Bahrain, Brunei, Iran, Mauritania, Oman, Pakistan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Yemen) allow and infrequently encourage the employment of the executing (Huda). Several verses within the holy book support the employment of execution once used as a lawful suggests that of seeking justice. For instance, a favorite quote within the sacred writing relating to the executing states,Take not life, that God has created sacred, except by approach of justice and law. So will He command you, so you will learn wisdom (6:151). Basically, this suggests that though murder is taken into account a sin, its permissible to utilize execution once needed by law. Muslims UN agency support the executing believes that its use provides an efficient dete rrent against crime and in and of itself helps to push justice. Jurisprudence permits the employment of the social control corporal punishment as a penalty against deliberate killing and terrorist acts, that interprets to spreading mischief throughout the land. this kind of crime is understood in a very style of ways that, however will embody rape, adultery, treason, apostasy, piracy, anal intercourse and homosexual behavior (Banner, 2009). Although execution remains wide supported in Muslim states and nations within which Islam is that the state faith, there are growing teams of Muslims that support the ending of the executing. People who oppose execution ail the thought interpretation of sacred writing passages relating to execution. It is vital to notice that theres no place for law enforcement in Islam one should be properly guilty in a Islamec courtyard of law before of the penalization will be allotted. The severity of the penalization needs that terribly strict proof s tandards should meet by a confidence is found. The courtyard conjointly has flexibility to order but the final word penalization (for example, imposing fines or jail sentences), on a individual basis. Human Rights The worldwide person rights norm and legal dialogue on civil rights in these luggage is understood and explained by scrutiny the up to date practices to the medieval IUS commune. The trendy IUS commune of human rights has 3 distinct characteristics that it shares with the historical example to that its analogized: its broadly speaking international in scope and application; its grounded in sure universal principles that area unit assumed to own have society and sopra optimistic soundness (in the folder of person civil rights, the concept of human dignity); and it neither trumps native law neither is essentially subordinate to that, however rather exists in a very dependent relationship with it. The article concludes with a suggestion to analyze the manner during whic h the US Supreme Court has begun to have interaction overseas jurisprudence, as a result of this sympathetic of the original commune of human rights (Carozza, 2003). Methods of Execution Using a panel of state-level knowledge over the years 1978Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2000, this text examines whether or not the tactic by that capital punishment states demeanor their death penalty affect the percapita occurrence of kill in an exceedingly differential manner. Many measures of the subjective chance of being dead or developed are taking into consideration for the temporal order of individual executions. The empirical estimates recommend that the deterrent result of corporal sentence is ambitious mainly by execution conduct by electrocutions. Not any of the opposite four strategies of execution (lethal injection, tool of kill aspheyxiations, hang or fir on group) are found to possess a statistically very important force on the apiece capita occurrence of kill. These domino result or stur dy with reference to the style within which the subjective chances of being dead or outlined, whether or not or not a state features a capital punishment rule in the book the taking away of condition and time mounted effects, controls for state-specific time trends, coincident management of all execution strategies, and controls for different styles of public deterrence. Additionally, its shown that the negative and statistically vital impact of electrocutions isnt driven by the prevalence of a Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…â€œbotchedÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ electrocution throughout the relevant period of time (Stearman, 2007). Applied Unfairly In the states there must be equal laws for public. But the problem arises when there is injustice and unfair application of the laws on the public. It causes increase in the crime rate that leads to the death penalty indirectly. Even there must be equal implication of the laws on the criminals. They must be bound to complete their punishment without any special favor. Supporter of the Death Penalty Supporters of the death penalty say that it is important for the true society. It helps to make things right. Because it gives lessons to others who are thinking about the crimes that spoils the society and damages the people of the society. It is the order of the Lord to punish the criminal according to his punishment. So in those countries where there are prompt decisions taken about the crimes of people is less involved in the dangerous crimes as compare to those who did not punish criminals according to their criminal activities. For the peace and justice it is necessary to justify the things. Against the Death Penalty Support for the execution has fluctuated throughout the century. In line with town surveys, in 1936 sixty one of USA citizens favored the execution for persons condemned of murder. Support reached to the lower of forty second in 1966. Throughout the 70s and 80s, the proportion of USA citizens in favor of the execut ion accumulated steady, culminating in AN eightieth approval rating in 1994. A might 2004 town Poll found that a growing range of USA citizens support a sentence of life while not parole instead of the execution for those condemned of murder. Town found that forty sixth of respondents favor imprisonment over the execution, up from four hundred and forty yards in 2003. Throughout that very same timeframe, support for executing as an alternate fell from fifty three to five hundredth. The poll additionally unconcealed a growing skepticism that the execution deters crime, with sixty two of these polled speech that its not a deterrent. These percentages square measure a theatrical move from the response set to the present same question in 1991, once fifty one of USA citizens believed the execution deterred crime and solely forty first believed it didnt. Solely fifty fifth of these polled responded that they believed the execution is enforced fairly, down from hour in 2003. Once not of fered an alternate sentence, seventy one supported the execution and twenty sixth opposed. The general hold up is regarding a parallel that according in 2002, but downward from the 18th hold in 1994. (Gillep Polle New Service, June 3, 2005). Reduce/Increase Crimes Rate and the Sense of Injustice Death penalty helps in decreasing the criminal activities due to which crime rate goes downward. But most of the public is against such death penalty. The opinion of the public about the death penalty is changing now days. From 19 century to onward voting rate of the public about the death penalty is in decreasing trend. They do not want to punish the criminals in such a way. Also, when public will see that criminals are not being punished by the government of that country or state, it will of course create an atmosphere of injustice among people. Conclusion Death penalty is the punishment given to law offenders who do not follow the laws and commit such crimes which include murd ers, rape, and robberies including other unlawful acts. The death penalty has been in the laws of many countries in the world and has been working in order to reduce the crime rate but with due respect of the human rights and other social aspects, death penalty has been condemned heavily by the people of various countries. There have been many social issues related to the death penalty and some of them include fear among the people who witness the execution. Other social issues include injustice which is felt by many people when they do not see that death penalty is given to the offender who has hurt them or destroyed their lives or damaged their sovereignty. However, with many appraisal from the people, death penalty is also considered as cruelty for which it is been removed from the laws of many countries. DonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t waste time! 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Monday, December 23, 2019

Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Is A Major Public Health Issue

Sudden unexpected infant death is a major public health issue in the United States that has significant and adverse effects on the families, communities and population. It is one of the leading causes of death in infants. It is a constellation of causes such as sudden infant death syndrome, accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed, and most times the cause is unknown. This paper provides a overview of its description, public health importance, magnitude, impact, ability to prevent it with current knowledge, variations in socio-demographics and disparities in health outcomes in Florida, United States with a focus on Lake county, Florida. Keywords: Sudden unexpected infant death, sudden infant death syndrome, accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed. Introduction Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) is defined as deaths in infants less than one year of age that occur suddenly and unexpectedly, and whose causes of death are not immediately obvious prior to investigation. (Centre for Disease Prevention and Control {CDC}, 2016) Each year in the United States, more than 3500 infants without prior known illness or injury die suddenly and unexpectedly. Such deaths have occurred for centuries, with the first reference being in the Book of Kings in the Bible, where a woman was thought to have lost her infant due to Ã¢â‚¬Å"overlayingÃ¢â‚¬ which is rolling over her baby in her sleep.Show MoreRelatedInfant Health And Human Services1694 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesIn the United States, the Department of Health and Human Services works tirelessly in order to improve the conditions for newborn infants. Their goal is to provide essential human services, as well as protect the health for all Americans. Specifically, the area of infant health focuses on the period of rapid development from birth to one year age. The factors that contribute to infant health is not only attributed to the child, but also extends to the health of the mother and their family supportRead More Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS and African Americans Essay2616 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 11 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome and African-Americans Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a condition that many people still are trying to figure out why it happens to these babies. This syndrome is described as an unexplained death of an infant younger than one year of age. SIDS is frightening because it can strike without warning and affect a good, healthy infant. Most SIDS deaths occur at night and without warning. SIDS victims may have been down for sleep for as little as ten minutes, theyRead MoreWhat Is The Non-Changeable And Non-Changeable Risk Factors Of SIDS1851 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesIn spite of a major decline in the incidences of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome since the American Academy of Pediatrics published its recommendation in 1992 that infants should be placed on their back for sleeping this decline has stopped and left us at a plateau. Even though this was released many families are still butting babies on their bellies to sleep. Because of that, it has become increasingly important to address the risk that puts infants at greater risk for SIDS. In this paper of the changeableRead MoreChildhood Vaccinations Essay1450 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagessafety of childhood immunizations. The major argument is whether or not laws should be established to declare vaccination mandatory for all children. Ã¢â‚¬Å"The US food and Drug administration (FDA) regulates all vaccines to ensure safety and effectiveness,Ã¢â‚¬ (ProCon.org, 2012) therefor there should not be any reason to risk the health of any child. Vaccinating our children not only ensures their safety but also that of their future to come. The first major concern parents have when it comes to childhoodRead MoreThe Link Between Depression And Suicide Essay1288 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesalcohol or substance abuse problem. Often they have that problem in combination with other mental disorders. Warning Signs: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Always talking or thinking about death Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Clinical depression -- deep sadness, loss of interest trouble sleeping and eating -- that gets worse Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Having a death wish, tempting fate by taking risks that could lead to death, such as driving fast or running red lights Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Losing interest in things one used to care about Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Making comments about being hopeless, helpless, or worthlessRead MoreShould New Zealand Have Mandatory Vaccinations?2228 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 9 Pageshas gone down from 350,000 cases in 1988 to only 1,951 in 2005 and deaths due to measles have decreased by 60%. (2,8) There has been such a major improvement in stopping many harmful diseases because of the amount of people getting their children vaccinated. However this can go the other way around as well. If not enough people are immunised against a disease there is a possibility for it to return, which can lead to disease and death, so it is important that parents immunise their children to avoidRead MoreEssay about Anticipatory Grief3822 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 16 PagesGrief is a natural reaction to loss and change which affects all aspects of a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s life: the physical, emotional, psychological, behavioral, and spiritual. Grief is not expected but will be experienced in a variety of ways such as experienced, sudden, gradual or anticipated. While most people will experience loss at one time in their lives, not everyone responds in the same way or goes through the same process to recover and heal. Grief and its Effects Life does not come with a manualRead MoreEffects Of Early Childhood Trauma On Relationships1656 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesfurther, will investigate if emotional regulation influences this relationship. Traumatic events are characterized as sudden unexpected events, shocking in nature or death/threat to life or body integrity as well as subjective feelings of intense horror, terror, or helplessness (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). However, many children experience stressful events, such as the death of a grandparent, but these types of events would not usually be considered traumatic (Cohen, Mannarino, DeblingerRead MoreThe Passing Of A Loved One Essay2521 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 11 Pagespersonality, their normal stress reactions, the support available, their relationships or attachments, other death experiences, how others react to their own grief around them (Thompson Hendry, 2012). This essay explores several models and theories that discuss the complexities of loss and grief. A discussion of the tasks, reactions and understanding of grief through the different stages from infants to the elderly, will also be attempted. Part One: Grief models and theories Theories and models thatRead MoreDoes Every Mother Love Her Child?3307 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 14 Pagesnature for her to enthusiastically anticipate motherhood. Now that a lot more information is available about postpartum depression, many avenues are currently being utilized to bring awareness to this growing problem and support is emerging from some unexpected forums to let struggling mothers know that they are not alone. Ã¢â‚¬Å"This growing attention toward PPDÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s potential severity has also resulted in the creation of social policy in Twenty-nine countries. In the United States, The MomÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Opportunity To

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Business Continuity Plan Free Essays

string(113) " The many opportunities for data retrieved from file space to be compromised are a drawback to this data source\." Data Sources in Digital Forensics March 17, 2013 Joana Achiampong CSEC 650 Introduction Four sources of data that stand out for forensic investigators in most criminal investigations are files, operating systems, routers and network traffic, and social network activity. Each data source presents a variety of opportunities and challenges for investigators, meaning that the more reliable data collection and analysis activity typically involves examination of a variety of sources. Digital forensics must cover the four basic phases of activity, which include: data collection, which describes the identification and acquisition of relevant data; data examination, which includes the processing of data through the use of automated and manual tools; analysis, which describes the evaluation and categorization of examined data into coherent groups, such as their usefulness in a court proceeding; and reporting, in which the results of analysis are described with careful attention paid to recommendations (Marcella Menendez, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Business Continuity Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The viability of each data source to an investigation must be evaluated based on how they can contribute to each phase. For example, the ability of routers and switches as a data source to help investigators might be effective in one area, but not in the other three. An examination of router activity might yield a surfeit of observable data that fails to provide diverse analytical tools that cannot be relied upon in a forensic setting. Another example is network traffic, which may yield a large amount of data that is unreliable or has a high degree of volatility (Garfinkel, 2010). Time is often essential for forensic investigators, and it is often important to know in advance the dynamics of each data source. This helps investigators avoid wasted time, or spending time analyzing data that may of minimal help in a forensic setting. For these reasons, it is important to critically assess the pros and cons of each data source for their ability to provide contributions. A valid assessment of each data source should be made based on consistent factors such as costs, data sensitivity, and time investment. The overall costs of each data source depend on the equipment that will be required to collect and analyze data without corruption. Costs also refer to the training and labor required during the course of the collection and analysis, which may be higher for uncommon sources that require a unique process and chain of command pattern. Data sensitivity is critical is a forensic tool, but may be more questionable depending on the source. For example, network activity can provide a wealth of information depending on the device and setting upon which data is moved. However, a network environment with many devices and multiple configurations may provide unreliable data that cannot be recognized in court proceedings. In addition, chain-of-command issues regarding the contribution of outside network analysts could compromise a source that would be otherwise valid. These issues have to be considered in any data source assessment. Data Files The most common data sources in a digital forensic examination are current and deleted files. Most forensic investigators in most data retrieval environments begin with an examination of the various media store on the hard drive of a computer, network, or mobile device. The variety of types of stored data in current and deleted files, in addition to partitioned packet files and the slack space of a deviceÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s memory, can be massive and diverse. A typical first step in data retrieval is to shut down a system and create a data grab or forensic duplicate upon which collection and analysis can be made. This ensures the integrity of the original data, while allowing investigators the ability to manipulate data however they see fit. However, this process alone creates challenges for forensic investigators, including an inability to capture live system data. This might prevent investigators from catching a perpetrator in the act of altering or adding data to a device or system. One of the primary benefits of files as a data source is the ability to separate and analyze the types of files, which creates a specific signature based on the content and user (Marcella Menendez, 2008). Data can be pulled from deleted files, slack space on a systemÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s hard drive, or free space, all of which provides information that can be useful to investigators. The directory location and allocation type for each file informs the data that has been collected, including a time stamp and whether tools have been used to hide the data. Each of these characteristics provides investigators easy-to-access information about a system. In addition, there are a variety of hardware tools that can be used to access data. This technology is fairly common, meaning that associated costs tend to be minimal when retrieving data from files (Purita, 2006). File examination can yield a variety of types of suspicious activity that tend to be helpful for investigators. One example is the presence of hidden evidence on file systems. This type of data can be hidden in deleted file spaces, slack spaces, and bad clusters. File space is marked as deleted when it is removed from an active directory. This data will continue to exist within a cluster of a hard disk can be identified and accessed by creating a file in Hex format and transferring the copied data. Data can also be hidden in many others ways, including by removing partitions that are created between data and by leveraging the slack space that exists between files. Attempts by users to hide data using these methods are quickly identifiable by investigators, who can then restore the data using a variety of inexpensive and efficient methods. For example, matching RAM slack to file slack identifies the size of a file and makes it easier to identify and retrieve (Sindhu Meshram, 2012). This type of retrieval inherently emphasizes the importance of data integrity. This type of integrity is important in any forensic environment, and compromised data is usually rendered instantly unusable. The many opportunities for data retrieved from file space to be compromised are a drawback to this data source. You read "Business Continuity Plan" in category "Papers" For example, data retrieval using bit stream imaging provides a real-time copy onto a disk or similar medium. However, this can be compromised based on the fact that re-imagining of data is constantly changing during re-writing. Investigators will typically choose the type of data copy system based on what they are looking for. However, changes to data can occur if the appropriate safeguards are not taken. Write-blockers are often used to prevent an imaging process from providing data that has been compromised by writing to that media. Sindhu and Meshram 2012) stated that computing a message digest will create a verification of the copied data based on a comparison to the original. A message digest is an algorithm that takes input data and produces an output digest. This comparison helps investigators ensure the integrity of data in many cases. There are additional pitfalls when it comes to using files as data sources. Users have different resources for eliminating or hindering data collection. One example is overwriting content by replacing it with constant values. This type of wiping function can be performed by a variety of utilities. Users can also demagnetize a hard drive to physically destroy the content stored there. Using files as a data source in this case will require a complex operation requiring different tools. Users can also purposefully misname files Ã¢â‚¬â€œ for example, giving them . jpg extensions when they are not image content files Ã¢â‚¬â€œ in order to confuse investigators. Investigators have to be familiar with strategies for circumventing these pitfalls, such as maintaining an up-to-date forensic toolkit and remaining committed to maintaining data integrity. In the end, files are very highly relied upon by investigators and are a strong source forensic data. However, investigators must be experienced and have the appropriate tools to ensure the viability of collected data. Operating Systems Generally speaking, the data that can be collected from Operating Systems (OS) is more diverse and rich than file systems data, and has greater potential to uncover application-specific events or vital volatile data specific to a network operation (Sindhu, Tribathi Meshram, 2012). However, OS data mining can be more difficult and challenging, and often requires investigators to make quick decisions based on the type of data they are seeking. OS data mining is more case specific, in part because the retrieval of data is frequently connected to network configurations. Collecting volatile data can only occur from a live system that has not been shut down or rebooted (Marcella Menendez, 2008). Additional activity that occurs over an individual network session is very likely to compromise the OS data. For this reason, investigators have to be prepared and aware of what they are looking for. Time is of the essence in this case, and it is important to decide quickly whether or not the OS data should be preserved or if the system should be shut down. Keeping a system running during data extraction can also compromise data files. This also leaves data vulnerable to malware that has been installed by a user with bad intentions, determined to undermine the operations of investigators. The types of data that can be retrieved from the OS include network connections, network configurations, running processes, open files, and login sessions. In addition, the entire contents of the memory can be retrieved from the OS history, usually with little or no alteration of data when the footprint of retrieval activity is minimized. The order in which this data is collected typically runs in a standard succession, with network connections, login sessions, and memory collection sitting at the top of the list or priorities. These sources are more important because they tend to change over time. For example, network connections tend to time out and login sessions can change as users log in or out. Network configurations and the files that are open in a system are less time-sensitive and fall further down the list of priorities for investigators. The forensic toolkit must be diverse to ensure that data retrieval is achieved with minimal alteration (Bui, Enyeart Luong, 2003). In addition, the message digest of each tool should be documented, along with licensing and version information, and command logs. This careful documentation protects users from sudden loss of data or other disturbances during data retrieval. In addition, a number of accessibility issues can be implemented by users, including the placement of screen saver passwords, key remapping and log disabling features, all of which can disrupt the work by investigators, either providing unworkable obstacles or time-consuming hurdles that make complete transfer impossible. Ultimately, the use of OS as a data source is a case-by-case tool dependent on the availability of other sources and the specific needs and tools of investigators. Routers and Network Traffic Among network configuration data sources, router activity and network sourcing has the potential to provide the most specific amount of incriminating activity for forensic use. Forensic equipment should have time stamping capabilities activated to provide an accurate time signature of network interaction between an end-user and a router or switch (Schwartz, 2011). Importantly, firewalls and routers that are tied to a network often provide network address translation which can offer additional information by clarifying configuration or additional IP addresses on a network (Huston, 2004). There are a number of tools available to people seeking an analysis of network activity, including packet sniffers and intrusion detection systems (Marcella Menendez, 2008). These tools help investigators examine all packets for suspicious IP addresses and special events that have occurred across a network. This data is usually recorded and analyzed so that investigators can compare unusual events to evaluate network weaknesses and special interests of would-be attackers. This is of great interests to security agents determined to identify and stop potential network intrusions. A number of technical, procedural, legal and ethical issues exist when examining and analyzing network data. It is imperative that investigators be sure to avoid disconnected from a network or rebooting a system during data retrieval. They should also rely on live data and persistent information. Finally, it is important to avoid running configuration commands that could corrupt a network or its activity (Gast, 2010). Issues such as storage of large amounts of data over a highly trafficked network and proper placement of a decryption device along a network can impact how data is available and whether or not it maintains integrity. It is also important to consider the ethical and legal issues of data retrieval along a network when it involves sensitive data, such as financial records and personal information like passwords. In many cases, ethical issues can be circumvented with careful documentation and the publication of organizational policies and procedures that are strictly followed. However, these are all issues that must be considered in the analysis of network trafficking as a data source. Social Network Activity The sheer volume of social network activity Ã¢â‚¬â€œ such as that on Facebook, Twitter, and Instragram Ã¢â‚¬â€œ makes examining it as a data source great potential as a forensic tool. To this point, the little available research on social network data has failed to come up with a comprehensive framework or set of standards for investigators. Social network tools across mobile platforms invariably have geolocation services. However, the use of these as a data source has been questioned from ethical and legal perspectives (Humaid, Yousif, Said, 2011). The communication layer of social media applications on mobile devices can yield rich data, such as a browser cache and packet activity. Packet sniffing can expose unencrypted wifi use and third party intrusion across a social network. However, these tools are highly limited when they are restricted to social network activity. The best tools may be the ability to create a social footprint, which includes all friend activity, posted pictures and videos, communication habits, and periods of activity. For most people, this information is only available on social network websites and is not stored on a userÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s hard drive. A certain climate of permissibility tends to apply to social network use, in which users are prone to making data available online that they would not otherwise expose. All of this strengthens the use of social networks as a data source. The greatest pitfall to social network activity is the malleability of the material. Users frequently change their habits, including the times of the day and the users with whom they connect. Cumulative social network data can be used to create a graph of all activity across a variety of factors, including time, space, usage, and devices (Mulazzani, Huber, Weippl). But this is a rapidly changing field. There is little doubt that the cloud computing data storage and continued growth of social networks will change this field quickly, which could quickly undermine past data that has been retrieved. Potential Usefulness in Specific Events The usefulness of a data source is strictly tied to the event it is intended to investigate. It is imperative that investigators are clear on their goals prior to selecting a source to retrieve and analyze data from. For example, a network intrusion would be best tackled with an examination of network traffic, followed by social network analysis, Operating Systems, and data file systems. Network analysis is less prone to attacking strategies that can compromise file and OS data. It can observe network traffic to find anomalous entities and their entry point within a network. It can also identify source and destination data by data recovery and access to routers r other network access points (Aquilina, Casey Malin, 2008). This is critical information for network intrusion investigations. Operating Systems enable access to volatile data, but this is limited by single-time use and data integrity issues. Most OS examinations look at network connections first, which is often another way of accessing the same data. File storage and social network analysis tend to offer peripheral views of the same material. Operating systems are the most helpful data source in malware installation investigation, followed by network traffic, data files, and social network activity. Examination of volatile data offers a range of data, including network connections and login sessions, which are primary tools for finding the source of malware installation (Aquilina, Casey Malin, 2008). Maintaining the integrity of data through quick retrieval and minimal footprints helps ensure its usefulness. At the same time, monitoring network traffic in a pro-active manner is often the surest way of pinpointing time signatures and matching them with network activity (Marcella Menendez, 2008). The best data sources for identifying insider file deletion are data files, network traffic, social network activity and OS. Each source offers benefits for this type of investigation, but data file collection and analysis yields bad clusters and slack space, both of which pinpoint the likelihood of deleted files. Recovery can begin from this point. Network activity and OS data retrieval can lead investigators to unusual login attempts and anomalous activity in order to pinpoint the location of deleted files along a network. At the same time, social network examination can help investigators understand reasons for deleted files and even learn more about the habits and lifestyle of a likely perpetrator. In the end, a collection of each of these sources provides a rich, revealing glimpse at deleted file activity. Conclusion Network traffic, data files, operating systems, and social network activity are four common data sources in digital forensic. Each provides a unique opportunity and set of risks for investigators, and the source should be chosen based on clear objectives and awareness of all circumstances. In many cases, the best choice is a combination of sources to provide multiple opportunities to arrive at the relevant evidence. Another factor is whether the data search is reactive or pro-active, with network traffic often providing the best source of evidence in a pro-active, forward-thinking environment. The variable of time must also be considered, specifically with respect to how investigators approach volatile data. Each of these issues must be considered when evaluating data sources. References Aquilina, J. , Casey, E. Malin, C. (2008). Malware forensics: Investigating and Analyzing Malicious Code. Burlington, MA: Syngress Publishing. Bui, S. , Enyeart, M. Luong, J. (2003, May). Issues in Computer Forensics. Retrieved ttp://www. cse. scu. edu/~jholliday/COEN150sp03/projects/Forensic%20Investiga tion. pdf Garfinkel, S. (2010). Digital forensics research: The next 10 years. Digital Investigation, 7. 64-73. Gast, T. (2010). Forensic data handling. The Business Forum. Retrieved from http://www. bizforum. org/whitepapers/cybertrust-1. htm Humaid, H. , Yousif, A. Said, H. (2011, December). Smart phones fo rensics and social networks. IEEE Multidisciplinary Engineering Education Magazine, 6(4). 7-14. Huston, G. (2004, September). Anatomy: A look inside network address translators. The Internet Protocol Journal, 7(3). Retrieved from http://www. cisco. com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_7- 3/anatomy. html Marcella, A. Menendez, D. (2008). Cyber Forensics: A Field Manual for Collecting, Examining, and Preserving Data. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications. Mulazzani, M. , Huber, M. Weippl, E. (n. d. ). Social network forensics: Tapping the data pool of social networks. SBA-Research. Retrieved from http://www. sba- research. org/wp-content/uploads/publications/socialForensics_preprint. pdf Purita, R. (2006). Computer Forensics: A valuable audit tool. Internal Auditor. Retrieved from http://www. theiia. rg/intAuditor/itaudit/archives/2006/september/computer- forensics-a-valuable-audit-tool-1/ Schwartz, M. (2011, December). How digital forensics detects insider theft. InformationWeek Security. Retrieved from http://www. informationweek. com/security/management/how-digital-forensics- detects-insider-t/232300409 Sindhu, K. Meshram, B. (2012). A digital forensic tool for cyber crime data min ing. Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal, 2(1). 117-123. Sindhu, K. , Tripathi, S. Meshram, B. (2012). Digital forensic investigation on file system and database tampering. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 2(2). 214-221. How to cite Business Continuity Plan, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

English Edward Scissorhands Essay Example For Students

English Edward Scissorhands Essay Almost immediately we are introduced to the childlike theme in this story through the altering of the 20th Century Fox symbol. The snow and silver-like lighting block out any traces of a golden, bright environment, which we are used to seeing in the regular 20th Century Fox symbol. And this use of cold, dark lighting is unusual as we often associate childs play with bright, happy colours such as yellow, orange or green.Ã‚ The camera now switches to a tracking shot up the stairs of the castle and suggests that we, the viewers, are sneaking in. All the while, soft and childlike music is playing in the background and this increases the childish atmosphere and creates a calm, slow pace. We now see a collection of cookies ranging from animals to hearts and stars to little men; possibly children. These cookies could be letting us know a little something about Edward. Perhaps the hearts mean that even though he is a robot, he still has a heart and is loving and caring. And the children could be signifying that Edwards mind is not like a grown-ups. They could be telling us that even though he looks dangerous, he is really just an innocent child that has been forced to live on his own with scissors for hands. At this point, we see the castle in its entirety from the window of a warm, golden bedroom, and out into the freezing cold. In this room we see a few things that indicate to us that there is a childish theme. For instance the golden lighting used in this scene. There is a lot of golden light in this scene and this gives off a safer feeling than plain darkness. The two objects letting off this golden aura are the lamp that is placed next to the bed and the fireplace. Another thing that indicates to us that there is a childish theme is the doll that is placed at the end of the bed, which has obvious childish qualities. One thing that is used a lot during the course of the movie is snow. And as we all know it usually snows during winter, and what is in winter? Christmas. Now not only is Christmas about presents, which usually means lots of presents for kids, further linking to the childish theme, but Christmas is about spending time with family and for Edward, this doesnt mean anything. He doesnt have any family and he doesnt receive any gifts, which makes him feel even more of an outcast. Mechanical Theme In the opening sequences we see extreme close ups of machinery and robots. From these extreme close ups, the viewer is left confused and unaware as to what the sole purpose of these robots is. This gets the viewer intrigued as to what there role is and by this, the viewer is more likely to carry on watching. Another thing that is interesting about only seeing parts of robots is that this could be linked with Edward and his scissorhands. By only seeing parts of robots we dont see the full picture, meaning we cannot judge it. But when we look at Edward, we do see the full picture and therefore we judge him and this is exactly what Peg does. She cant see him; all she sees is a black outline of his body, so she is quick to introduce herself and says that she is as harmless as cherry pie. But when she sees the full picture of Edward (his scissorhands) she starts to back off and gets very scared very quickly. .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 , .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 .postImageUrl , .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 , .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9:hover , .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9:visited , .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9:active { border:0!important; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9:active , .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9 .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafcea1ee251dff04ef2f9f2760b4d6b9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analyse the poetic techniques used in Robert Frost's The telephone EssayOne thing that I managed to notice is that some of these robots look as if they have faces. Could this be the creator trying to inject some life into his creations? This seems to be the case as he has given Edward a face and other human traits. Why not give these mini-creations lives.Ã‚ When we see the three robots go by, you can see that they are going up and down. This is shortly followed by a collection of cookie shapes. Could these two things be linked in any way? Perhaps these robots were cookie-cutting machines. And perhaps Edward was given scissorhands to help in the cutting of the cookies. The colours used in these scenes are primarily black, grey and silver. This suggests to us that the scenes are sad, lonely and dark. Also, the robots suggest to us that the scene is industrial and metal-like, meaning very robotic. Perhaps this could be an insight into the mind of the Creator when he was thinking about creating Edward. This could be him telling himself to make a new robot, a robot that has life.