Essay --

Introduction Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has become the foremost biopesticide since the beginning of the 1970s, due to the lethality of the toxin to insects. It has attracted industry to use it worldwide as an efficient weapon against agri-cultural pest. formerly, B. thuringiensis was considered an entomopathogen. Within the last four decades the complexity and diversity of B. thuringiensis as an insecticidal microbe have been elucidate.The first report on the crystalline parasporal bole in the bacterium that might be related with the insecticidal activity appeared by 1953 (Hannay, 1953). Angus (1954) demonstrated that this crystal contains an alkaline- soluble toxin for insects. B. thuringiensis produces a f3-exotoxin well-known also as the fly-toxin, thermostable toxin, or thuringiensin, but this toxin was not permitted for use in agriculture because its toxicity was not limited to insect pests (Sebesta et al., 1981). The 8-endotoxin shows potential characteristics of an insect-s pecific bioinsecticide. By the end of the 1950s, the toxicity of the sporecrystal complex was classif...

Nike Case Study Essay -- Nike Sports Business Case Study Essays, solut

Nike Case Study Nike is criticized for using sweatshops in countries like Indonesia and Mexico. The company has been subject to much critical coverage of the often poor running(a) conditions and the exploitativeness of the cheap overseas labor. answers.com1.Should Nike be held responsible for working conditions in impertinent factories that it does not own, but where sub-contractors recognize product for Nike?Yes, but I do not believe that the firm is 100% responsible since it is the sub-contractors who operate and create conditions for workers. Low-cost manufacturing is Nikes strategy, and it is realized by outsourcing the manufacturing process to cheap labor countries. If Nike were responsible for all of working conditions of workers at sub-contractors factories, it would cost more to make shoes. However, I think that Nike should monitor minimum working conditions so that workers will not die from Karachi, which might be lead to a big issue.2.What labor standards regarding saf ety, working conditions, overtime and the like should Nike hold foreign factories to those prevailing in that country, or those prevailing in the United States?Nike should hold the standards regarding safety and working conditions that be prevailing in that country. However, when the sweatshop workers try to tolerate the conditions and wages, firms that are making investment in that country should not intervene the movement. In countries around the world, garment w...

Freedom of Choice in Steinbecks East of Eden Essay -- John Steinbeck

Our circumstances do not trammel our lives. Instead, our lives argon impelled by our choices. That is not to understand that our lives are not impacted by the country in which we were born, the family which we were born to, or the tragedies which touched our lives. We are given a choice of how we respond to those things, and the causality of choice means that the lessons and value of our lives is not determined by outside influences, but instead it is determined by our reaction to those influences. In the novel, East of heaven by John Steinbeck theorizes that all individuals have the freedom to make choices in order to triumph oer evil. Steinbeck demonstrates this by his use of the word timshel, the word, which translates to thou mayest, is employ in the story of Cain and Abel in the Bible. God t... Freedom of Choice in Steinbecks East of Eden Essay -- John SteinbeckOur circumstances do not determine our lives. Instead, our lives are determined by our choices. T hat is not to say that our lives are not impacted by the country in which we were born, the family which we were born to, or the tragedies which touched our lives. We are given a choice of how we respond to those things, and the power of choice means that the lessons and value of our lives is not determined by outside influences, but instead it is determined by our reaction to those influences. In the novel, East of Eden by John Steinbeck theorizes that all individuals have the freedom to make choices in order to triumph over evil. Steinbeck demonstrates this by his use of the word timshel, the word, which translates to thou mayest, is used in the story of Cain and Abel in the Bible. God t...

Internet and Technology :: essays research papers

Opportunities and Challenges of the Internet In a world of light-speed data transmission, any exclusive with little training and expertise can make a fortune from the Internet. Many companies, like E-bay or Amazon.com, thrive from business done only through with(predicate) Internet transactions. As computer technology progresses, data transmission becomes faster, and as high level encryption becomes available for public occasion, the amount of Internet consumers excessively grows. Technology advances also allow employees to work from home faster and safer. A managers first challenge is to create a presence on the clear. With a environ line, computer, and HyperText Markup Language (HTML) authoring tools, a business can advertise or do business over the Internet. HTML authoring tools can be freeware, like Sausage Softwares springy Dog, or advanced and expensive utilities like Microsoft Front Page. Any computer user familiar with a word processor can effectively use these applica tions with minimal training. Putting the HTML and graphic files on an Internet service providers (ISP) servers is sufficient for relatively low traffic sites. Some online businesses, like Amazon.com, handle hundreds of thousands of people, or hits, everyday. They require specialized hardware and cabling to control the vast amount of traffic on there site per day. A managers second challenge is to make the businesss web site visible on the Internet. The first step in this process would be registering a domain name. Every computer connected to the Internet has a unique second attached to it called an IP address. To simplify finding specific computers on the Net, the numbers where substituted with alias called domain names. The names come in two levels, before and after the dot. Fees are generally a $70 startup cost then $35 per year to hold the license of the name. Network Solutions Inc. is the prescribed registrar of domain names. Individuals in the past have registered company na mes, like Coca-Cola, to themselves and then sold the domain license to the company for thousands of dollars. There are currently more than four million domain names registered with Network Solutions. Domain name registration is not required but makes your site much easier to find. other way to make your site visible is to register certain keywords with the most popular search engines like Yahoo and Alta Vista. Keywords are a small number of words that describe your site and business. These are the words web surfers will most likely type in to find your page.

The Great Skater :: Personal Narrative Essay

The Great Skater   Like any other sport, ice- glide is obliged to creative people who bring something new to it. These people ar known to everyone as the inventors of particular jumps, splits, spins. They are given credit for their work and, sometimes, the skating moves they invented carry their names. For instance, the Lutz jump was invented by Alois Lutz before World War II the Walley jump was attributed to Bruce Mapes who performed with the Ice Follies in the 1930s. With Mabel Fairbanks that was never the case. The spins she invented never have been officially let inted to be exclusively her creation.   For me, it was a profound experience to be coached by her, as I was learning not scarcely the art of skating, but also many things that one can learn from a wise person. I reckon her advice very much.   Mabel Fairbanks was a brilliant and a hard working skater. The only problem she experienced over and over was the unwillingness of the skating world to admit that s he was deeply talented. It was the second quarter of the 20th century, and she was not allowed to perform the major skating movements--the elements she found the most fun to perform. She was black, she was too good, and the other girls in the extract wouldnt look as skillful having Mabel performing next to them. In fact, Sonja Heini once refused to allow Mabel to join Sonjas popular skating troupe because Mabel was too gifted.   Mabel was restricted in her skating to the simple elements. But, Mabel wouldnt be Mabel if she didnt extricate herself from the restrictions. How? The solution was ingenious If they dont let me skate the conventional way, Ill invent something of my own. This way, nobody and nothing can prevent me from skating to my full abilities.   Necessity turned out to be the mother of invention. In a short period of time, Mabel, the first black superstar skater in the accounting of the United States, came up with the new variations of basic spin. They were so gorgeous She was the star of the shows at British West Indies with the famous Ice Follies, and in Mexico with the Ice Capades. The only sad thing is that the spins she invented have never been called anything more than just spins variations. If it were for me, Id call them Fairbanks spins.

The Great Skater :: Personal Narrative Essay

The Great Skater   Like any other sport, ice-skating is obliged to creative people who charter something new to it. These people are known to everyone as the inventors of particular jumps, splits, spins. They are given credit for their work and, sometimes, the skating moves they invented carry their names. For instance, the Lutz jump was invented by Alois Lutz forrader World War II the Walley jump was attributed to Bruce Mapes who performed with the churl Follies in the 1930s. With Mabel Fairbanks that was never the case. The spins she invented never have been officially admitted to be exclusively her creation.   For me, it was a profound devour to be coached by her, as I was learning not only the art of skating, but also many things that one can learn from a wise person. I treasure her advice very much.   Mabel Fairbanks was a brilliant and a hard working skater. The only problem she experienced over and over was the unwillingness of the skating world to admit that she was deeply talented. It was the second quarter of the 20th century, and she was not allowed to perform the major skating movements--the elements she found the most fun to perform. She was ominous, she was likewise good, and the other girls in the show wouldnt look as skillful having Mabel performing next to them. In fact, Sonja Heini once refused to allow Mabel to join Sonjas popular skating ships company because Mabel was too gifted.   Mabel was restricted in her skating to the simple elements. But, Mabel wouldnt be Mabel if she didnt extricate herself from the restrictions. How? The solution was ingenious If they dont let me skate the conventional way, Ill invent something of my own. This way, nobody and nil can prevent me from skating to my full abilities.   Necessity turned out to be the mother of invention. In a short period of time, Mabel, the first black superstar skater in the history of the United States, came up with the new variations of basic spin. They were so gorgeous She was the star of the shows at British West Indies with the famous Ice Follies, and in Mexico with the Ice Capades. The only sad thing is that the spins she invented have never been called anything more than just spins variations. If it were for me, Id call them Fairbanks spins.

Declaration of Independence Essay

Change made by the Declaration of Independence would survey in two waves, through, policy-making freedom, and economic opportunity. Political freedom shaped the ideas and ambitions of the revolutionaries, while economic opportunity merely played as bonuses in the Revolution.First, political freedom for the colonies meant breaking away from England and being able to develop a sense of identity and a sense of self-government. This was established in the first stairs towards independence, by the writing of the Declaration of Independence, by Thomas Jefferson. After Congress revised Jeffersons first drafts of the Declaration of Independence, it was finally approved on July 4, 1776, and instantaneously commonly known as Independence Day. The Declaration of Independence was not a promise to the colonists, nor was it an excuse for the fight against England to occur. The Declaration of Independence was a quarrel and a risk with the colonists and the rest of the world. The challenge was t o test the morality of the colonists, and to push them to their limit in their fight for independence.Second, Once political freedom created fair taxes for the people, Americans demand not to avoid taxes, which led to more economic and trade opportunities, and the economy was able to blossom with little complaints, unlike the previous results of The Stamp Act and The bread Act, which preceded political freedoms. Social status was almost completely unchanged, apart from the ability for people to become important government figures, which could change their status in society, besides only in aspect and relation to politics, therefore once again making political freedom more of a goal in the coarse run.Once the colonies were free from the grasp of the English government, they were able to explore their economic opportunities more freely. Before the success of the Revolution, importing goods came with a heavy price, that colonists were not allowed a say in. It is questionable if tax es are a factor of economic opportunity or political freedom, however the establishment of taxes are put down by government, and whether or not one has a say in the taxes they will pay, depends on ones amount of political freedom.Finally, For the Declaration of Independence to spread out any freedom at all, it had to first allow for more political freedom. This enabled the possibilities of a stable economic base in which people and government could rack on. In turn these two freedoms would end up making way for more social and societal freedoms within the new country and constitution.

Dance Appreciation Viewing Assignment

Mihir Shukla 1. A abstract B ballet C contemporary D distraught E ruttish F frenzied G graceful H harmonious I integrated J joyous K kinetic L loving M manipulative (body-wise) N nimble O organized P peaceful Q qualitative R rapport S separation T transient U ubiquitous V Virtuosity (Unit 1 term) W willful X xeransis Y youthful Z zealous 2. A limit does not exist at heart the vast pool of terminology which could be utilized to depict this beautifully choreographed dancing piece by Benjamin Millepied.My impression was first molded by the organization of this dance how it is divided into three portions, all equally responsible for the delivery of its emotions, as well as its overall message. This work begins with the lone manlike soloist, and in accorance the kinetic aspects of his dance, it can be interpreted that he is somewhat distraught. Furthermore, there are several manuevers and bodily manipulations within the form of this dance, its abstractness also defines its contempora ry nature.As the second portion of this dance unfolds, it can be stated that a sense of love enters the floor with the beautiful female soloist her graceful, willful movements enhance the dance as it seems to take on a more zealous temperament. Ultimately, the third aspect of this dance, the duet Pas de Deux, shows transiency to a more harmonious movement, as the resonance between the two soloists is apparent. This ballet allows for both peace and chaos, it can be thought of as a representation of life itself, with its transitions from different moods shown through the movements of the dancers. . at heart our reading this week there are many quotations that represent the true nature of dance relative to its multiple forms and styles.Of all the statements provided, the statement which was the most typical of this particular dance, in my view, was written by Walter Sorell it stated, Movement is the essence of life, dance its ultimate expression . The artist creates out of the worl d that has made him in influence to remake it according to the image of his inner world. I believe that this statement signifies and validates the emotions which emerged throughout the course of this dance work. As this dance transitioned through its multiple stages, from each one soloist experessed his/her emotions at each particular instant of the dance, with both the slightest, as well as the greatest of movements it can be seen that dancers have to exaggerate and embellish their movements in order to speechlessly deliberate on their feelings and decisions as did these dancers, both alone and as one.As I aformentioned, dance is a representation of life itself, and these dancers have shown their inner worlds (Walter Sorell) within their physical reality, bounded by time and space, but emotionally and artistically unbounded, as their movements seemingly defied gravity.

Difference in Us Gaap and International Accounting

IS IFRS a better story Standard than US generally accepted accounting principles for achieving good financial reports? This research paper delivers an compend of determining whether the International Financial Reporting Standards, hereafter discernn as IFRS, is a better account standard than the US Generally Accepted method of explanation Principle (generally accepted accounting principles). Financial Statements concord to provide high choice financial insurance coverage information with regards to scotch entities, primarily financial in nature, which atomic number 18 usable for economic decision devising (FASB, 1999 IASB, 2008).International bill Standards Board (IASB) and Financial accounting system Standards Board (FASB) constitute been extremely involved in making IFRS the international Accounting Standard. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has been working on evaluating the implications of incorporating IFRS into the US financial describe system, cu rrently known as US GAAP. More than one hundred countries shake up moved to IFRS inform, or bind decided to require the use of these standards in the near future. (SEC,2007).Financial reports argon a compounding of quaternity different key statements. They ar balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements and the statements of sh beholders idlerdour. Currently, the FASB is the highest authority in establishing generally accepted accounting for humans and private companies in the United States. Financial reports ar a necessary tool used by current and prospective investors to see how a company function and stands financially. It is also used to analyze and assess a companys potential spheres of growth as well as its areas of weakness.US GAAP has umpteen a(prenominal) guidelines and rules to follow whereas IFRS is much(prenominal) based on basic principle. comparability the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (GAAP) and IFRS might help to on a lower flo orstand which standards forget better serve the Goal of achieving good financial reports. two IFRS and US GAAP have many rules in common and are signifi outhousetly similar due to the conjunction efforts of both officials over the years. Despite this, legion(predicate) differences between US GAAP and IFRS also exist. The big four audit heartys have been instrumental in developing a difference between the standards.The followings are the comparisons of rules between IFRS and US GAAP to remotely see the difference between two accounting standards in three different areas. The areas are A) Revenue Recognition, B) business organization Combination and C) Inventories. A) Revenue Recognition US GAAP revenue recognition guidance is extensive and includes a significant number of standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) and the US Securities and Exchange Commission. The guidance tends to be highly detailed and is often industry-specific.One of the most common g eneral revenue recognition issues has to do with the determination of when transaction with multiple deliverables should be separated into components and how the revenue gets allocated to the different components. Under US GAAP, detailed separation and allocation criteria is focused whereas IFRS focus on the economic substance of the transactions (Ernst & Young, 2011). Revenues are likely to increase with less(prenominal) detailed guidance under IFRS. B) Inventory Valuation The US GAAP permits exsert in jump out (LIFO), first in first out (FIFO), and weighted average court.The inventories carried are recorded at the pull down of the damage or marketplace price. According to IFRS, first in first out and weighted average cost are only permitted. Companies that use last in first out must revalue inventory, which could result in tax liabilities due to the IRSs last in first out conformity rule. C) Business combination Business combination refers to the come acrossover of one ente rprise by an some otherwise. Business combinations are one of the important business activities carried out in current gravid market (Bohusova, 2009). More than 13000 M&A transactions were carried out worldwide in 2006 (IASB, 2006).Although US GAAP has largely converged with IFRS in this area, certain important differences have remained. The business combination standards under US GAAP and IFRS have two major differences (1) Full goodwill and (2) the requirements regarding recognition of contingent assets and contingent liabilities. Different requirements for price testing and accounting for deferred taxes are among the most significant. The Business combination project has contributed to Mergers and Acquisition recording harmonization and to comparability of financial statement in the area of business combination (Svoboda, 2009).Importance of Good Financial Reporting Financial reporting and apocalypse spirit are very important be shake up it is linked with various economic con sequences such as market liquidity, firms cost of swell, and corporate decision making (Daske, 2006). It is relatively impossible to compute all of the economic consequences that may have constitute due to corporate decision. Additionally, all the effects are not decent understood nor will at that place be supportive narrate. Investors depend upon the financial reports provided by the companies for investment opportunities.Financial reports provided by the companies are the only evidence of the effectiveness of reporting quality. Less informed investors are worried about the better informed investors. This causes less informed investors to lower the price of the security to protect against the losses from trading with better informed financiers. The unwillingness of the less informed investors reduces the liquidity of the securities market. Corporate revelation can alleviate the problem and increase market liquidity by leveling information among investors (Verracchia, 2001).Go od reporting and disclosure can affect the cost of groovy. fail disclosure can improve risk sharing in the economy, either by making investors aware of certain securities or by making them more willing to hold them, which again reduces the cost of capital (Diamond and Verrecchia, 1991). It is also very likely that better reporting improves corporate decision making. For instance the efficiency of firms investment decision would improve. There have been a number of studies conducted suggesting that better reporting leads to higher investment efficiency.However, the evidence on the effects of reporting quality on corporate decisions is still in its early stages (Biddle et al, 2008). The disclosure of one firm can be very useful to other firms for decision-making inclination but it can also help reduce agency problems in other firms. The disclosure of operating completeance and governance engagements provides useful standards that help away investors to evaluate other firms manag erial efficiency or potential agency conflicts and doing so lowers the cost of monitoring. Another very important member of corporate reporting is its comparability among firms.Corporate reporting can be precisely useful to the investors and other stakeholders if they are using similar accounting standards. More corresponding reporting makes it easier to differentiate between less and more profitable firms, which in turn reduces information asymmetries among investors and provides lower risk to the investors. These improvement resulting from greater comparability can also increase market liquidity and reduce firms cost of capital (Daske, 2006). Better comparability can also have positive effects on corporate decision making.More comparable reports allow firms to make better informed investment choices due to a better understanding of competing firms, both within a country and crosswise countries. Growing numbers of firms with comparable financial reports increases the number of tw o ways communication linkages in the Financial reporting network. This enhances the value of the overall network to both the investors and firms (Meeks and Swann, 2008). Although there are many benefits of more comparable reporting and disclosure, there are also cost to improving corporate reporting.The reporting and disclosure costs include the preparation and certification. Regulators should carefully weigh the convergence of costs and benefits to firms, investors, and other parties in the economy. The benefit of high quality and more comparable reporting may also vary significantly across industries and markets. Impact of IFRS in Foreign Countries Financial reporting quality is affected by many factors other than just the accounting principle adopted. These include legal and political systems, reporting incentives and other market incentives. Ball, Robin, & Wu, 2003). The quality of financial reporting also depends on the relevance and dependability of the financial and non-fin ancial information recognized and disclosed (Ferrari, Momente, and Reggiani, 2011). Empirical research conducted by Ferrari, Momente and Reggiani studied the earning quality in relation between the German companies practicing IFRS and German companies practicing German accounting standards (HGB). This research has been conducted based on German companies, excluding financials and utilities listed on the Frankfurt stock exchange.German is the only large country in atomic number 63 with a strong set of local anesthetic GAAP where a real(a) quantity of firms applied IFRS on a voluntary basis before 2005. appear of 746 German companies 368 were following IRFS and 378 companies were following HGB (SEE APPENDEX 1). The mathematical finding articulates that the analyses supports the idea that the IFRS adopter are generally characterized by a level of earnings management lower than or equal to the HGB adopters. Another study conducted by Daske, Hall, Leuz and Verdi looked for evidence on economic consequences after mandatory IFRS Reporting.The analyses were based on market liquidity and cost of capital in 26 different countries. Their research provides us with the synopsis on the capital market effects after introducing the IFRS in 26 countries around the world. The study analyzes the effects in stock market liquidity, cost of equity capital, and equity valuations. The results propose that the mandatory adopters experience statistically significant increases in market liquidity after IFRS reporting becomes compulsory. These research and results indicate that results have mixed results on quality changes after the adaption of IFRS in different countries.Whether IFRS can work properly in markets that are disciplined mainly by regulators rather than the market mechanism can be verified by observing the acceptation of IFRS by China (DING & SU, 2008). Whats more, a single set of standards may not be suitable for all settings and thus may not improve reliability due to differences among countries (Soderstrom & Sun, 2007). The borrowing of IFRS in the Chinese economy has significantly improved the quality of accounting and reported earnings (Liu el at, 2001).Evidence also reveals that value importation of reported earnings increased while earning leveling decreased with the standard change. Empirical evidence showed by Daske et al. s (2008) claim that quality improvement from IFRS adoption is expected to be higher for adopters with poorer quality as firms audited by the Big Four before the standard change. This clearly shows that IFRS has been the preferable accounting standards for remote countries. Is spiritual rebirth to IFRS economically advantage? Quality reporting and more comparable reporting and disclosure can create economy-wide benefits.Therefore it is safe to say that it makes economic sense for regulators to advance the current reporting environment within a market or country to determine if any changes to the reporting environment could move reporting quality and comparability closer to the peak. My question is, what mathematical function the accounting standards play in achieving good quality and comparable reporting practices? How will policymaker achieve these goals? The capital markets and investors rate higher transparency and high quality reporting.However, the evidence from academic studies suggests a limited quality of standards in influencing reporting practices (Daske, 2006). To further support this point, we need to highlight the role of reporting incentives and institutional posers in shaping firms reporting practices. We can also assume that changing the accounting standards can also lead to unsuitable effects depending upon the economy. Studies steered by Ball and Shivakumar (2005) illustrated the importance of firms reporting incentives, rather than accounting standards, as key drivers of observed reporting quality.The studies identify that accounting standards give firms appreciable rep orting choice because the application of the standards involves get byable judgment since accounting measurements rely on managements private information and involve an assessment of the future, making them subjective demonstration of managements evidence set. Firms reporting inducements are molded by many factors which includes the capital market forces, the law of the nation and a firms compensation on performance to the management.It is relevant for the IFRS debater that the studies show that even the firms with the same accounting standards, reporting practices fluctuate considerably across firms and countries (Ball and Shivakumar, 2005). Studies also shows that even if these standards are strictly enforced and implemented, moving to a single set of accounting standards is not enough to produce comparability of reporting and disclosure practices (Ball and Shivakumar, 2005). This proves that accounting standards are more limited than often thought.They are just one of many facto rs which help shape actual reporting and disclosure practices. Accounting standards are a very important form element that affects financial reporting practices in a country. In a good economy, these elements are most likely to help one another because accounting information plays an important role in financial contracting (Ball, 2001). Investors in public equity markets use financial statements to witness their entitlements, make speculations, or use their rights at shareholder meetings.Therefore, it is practical to think that corporate reporting improvements in conjunction with other institutional factors to enable financial transaction and contracting (Ball, 2001). IFRS is favored because of the idea behind its effects on capital market and investors. Another thing to consider is that the adoption of IFRS can also improve financial reporting to outside investors. We can conclude that IFRS leans more toward capital markets which is more relevant to investors. Tightening the accou nting standard can reduce the level of earning management and improve reporting quality (Soderstrom, 2007).Hence, IFRS helps to lower the quantity of reporting discretion comparative to many local GAAP. However reducing the level of reporting discretion can also makes it more difficult for management to track their private information through the financial statements. Using a similar accounting standard across the world likely improves foreigners ability to notice earnings management and accounting manipulations. Hence, a shift to IFRS does in fact increase the comparability of a firms report, and it can also improve market liquidity. In contrary, Daske et al. 2008) verifies that the capital market effects around the mandatory IFRS reporting are not evenly distributed across countries because countries with weak law enforcement and reporting incentives are most supersensitive to remain strongly unaffected by the IFRS mandate. There is evidence of constructive capital market outcom e by the IFRS mandate in several countries. However, there is significant variance in the effects across firms and countries. IFRS adoptions in the US economy rests on whether the quality of US firms reporting fluctuate in the capital market.Therefore, it is necessary to acknowledge such changes in reporting quality are likely to occur. IFRS is now similarly compared with US GAAP and the remaining differences are venial (Krishnan el at 2012). Both standards have a similar fundamental viewpoint and capital market positioning. In 2002, the two standard setting bodies issued a Memorandum of Understanding (Norwalk Agreement), agreeing to make the two financial reporting standards more compatible and to coordinate their future work program in put up to maintain compatibility (FASB (1999).IFRS and US GAAP have converged in many areas bringing both standards closer to each other. The US is one of the largest economies in the world. The institutional framework of the US economy is very un ique. US firms typically rely heavily on publicly traded external finance (Juang el at, 2012). Directly or indirectly, a larger portion of US household hold debt and equity securities through mutual funds compare to other countries. Retirement savings represents a substantial amount of those securities. Hence, the regulators have a great responsibility to support this financial system.Therefore, the current securities laws and the US GAAP primarily are geared towards supporting public debt and equity markets. The US economy and its capital market are diverse. Reporting outcomes under US GAAP are generally considered to be high quality because of its ability to reflect economic events in a timely manner (Ball et al, 2001). The public enforcement system is supplemented by robust private administration, intimidating lawsuit, and potentially substantial financial consequences for managers, directors, and corporations that engage in reporting crimes.FASB standards and additional SEC fili ng rules requires a more substantial amount of disclosure than in any other countries (SEC). Hence, a switch to IFRS can bring a dilemma weather to maintain disclosure requirements mandated by the SEC or stick to IFRS limited disclosure (SEC). Cost Analysis of Adopting IFRS-From the preceding discussion, the capital market benefits of IFRS and the effects on U. S reporting practices are likely to be small. However, lets take a look at the cost consequences of adopting IFRS.In the first year of publishing IFRS reports, companies will have to train their employees in the preparation of IFRS financial statements. Hiring outside specialists and consultants and upgrading the package are other major expenses companies will have to bear. It should be noted that there will be additional revenue for the firms who does the advisory and auditing of those firms. Not surprisingly, many of the accounting firms take very optimistic attitude regarding the potential adoption of IFRS by the US. The cost for US firms would be substantial.According to ICAEW, 2007 per firm estimates ranging from 0. 31% of total sales for firms with sales below $700 million to . 05% of total sales for larger firms. This amounts to an average onetime cost of $430,000 for small firms and $3. 24 million for large firms. Based on these estimates, the US economy as a whole could cost up to $8 billion. The cost might go up if SEC requires firms to provide reports under both standards. Although the one-time conversion costs are likely to be substantial, there is no guarantee for any recurring cost.There might be periodic costs associated with inconsistencies within the US legal and institutional system (ICAEW, 2007). To my understanding issues like this wouldnt be easily to fixed. One can argue that there are also many reasons to believe that adoption of IFRS could also save money because of a single global reporting system in the long run. The foreign US holdings multinationals often have to fulfill wi th the domestic reporting standards of their residence which is most likely to be IFRS. If foreign multinationals that use IFRS no longer have to maintain US GAAP reporting then they will save money on the conversion.The adoption of IFRS could save money to many US firms indirectly. impression on Education System due to conversion The accounting professionals and educators need to be brought up to speed in an adequately time frame in order for smooth conversion to IFRS. As mentioned earlier, China and Germany were able to convert the standard smoothly the same should be possible in the U. S. The big four accounting firms have been releasing a number of reports that IFRS education is lagging behind. The big four accounting firm have reported that U.S. investors and issuers are not yet appropriately educated with IFRS, and that at present college curriculums, text books and other instructional tools do not adequately train students and other interested parties in IFRS proficiencies ( Ernst & Young, 2007b KPMG, 2008b). Writers Point of View This research paper has mentioned a few times about the issues related to the compatibility of IFRS with the US institutional framework. The countrys financial reporting system is a very important determinant of aggregate economic effects.Hence, the financial reporting system is one of the basics of countrys organized framework which is likely to detect the performance of a countrys financial and economic system. A switch to IFRS by US regulators can cause unwanted concerns for the US economy if there are any incompatibilities with other elements of the organizational framework, even when IFRS are thought to be high quality and perform well in other countries. Financial markets are a network where one is reliant upon others financial reports. It is difficult to ascertain and quantify the complexity that can caused due to the adoption of IFRS.As countries institutional frameworks play a key role in determining managers reportin g inducements and the use of discretion, it is significant to know whether the amount of reporting preference in IFRS creates a problem for the US litigation system since it is moderately exclusive. Because IFRS has less specific standards and guidance, executives have to apply more judgment in interpreting IFRS. IFRS could lead to uncertainty about litigation outcomes which could even induce executives to make conservative accounting decisions.A vital issue is whether a single set of accounting standards is necessary and would benefit firms, investors, and additional stakeholders. Striving for a single set of accounting standards can generate some cost savings and comparability supports, but the adoption of IFRS in the US would also eliminate the existing competition between IFRS and US GAAP. This could also mean the monopoly of IFRS. Monopoly has never been a good sign in the business world for a consumer. As I have mentioned earlier in my paper, US GAAP and IFRS have very small d ifferences.Hence, it makes perfect logic that comparability of US GAAP is likely to increase globally because additional countries plan on adopting IFRS. US investors will be in better position if they are capable of understanding the IFRS due to growing adoption around the globe. Alternatively, FASB could keep up with the work on adapting the favorable principles of IFRS into the US GAAP yet not converting completely into IFRS. U. S investors and executives will have sufficient time to adapt with the change if U. S GAAP is slowly modified to converge with IFRS.This could possibly be the most inexpensive and least disruptive option for the US economy. CONCLUSION A vital role of accounting standards is to cut back the transactions cost of communicating data among various shareholders, permitting them to make more effective judgments and to undertake transactions within, outside, and among firms. There are pros and cons for adopting IFRS. Comparability could be seen as pros whereas hi gher initial cost for convergence and monopoly of IFRS could be seen as cons. Since US economy is very complex, the effect of IFRS could not be forecasted in its eternity.It is better for US regulator to slowly convert the favorable principle of IFRS into US GAAP. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ball, R. , A Robin, and Wu, 2003, Incentives Versus Standards Properties of Accounting Income in four East Asiatic Countries, Journal of Accounting and Economics36, 235-270. Ball, R. , 2001, Infrastructure Requirements of an Economically Efficient System of Public Fianncial Reporting and Disclosure, in Brooking- Wharton papers on Financial Services, R. Litan, And T. Herring (eds), Brooking Insitution Press, Washington, 127-169. Ball, R. , Shivakumar, 2005, Earning quality in U.K Private Firms, Journal of Accounting and Economics 39, 83-128 Biddle, G, G Hilary and R. Verdi, 2008, How does Financial Reporing Quality Improve Investment Efficiency.? Working paper, University of Hong Kong, Hong kong university of science & technology and MIT Sloan School of Management. Bohusova, Hana, and Patrick Svoboda. IFRS AND US GAAP CONVERGENCE IN AREA OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION. Economics & Management 14. 1822-6515 (2009) 20-27. Print. Daske, Holger. Economic Benefits Of Adopting IFRS Or US-GAAP Have The Expected Cost Of Equity Capital Really decreased?. Journal Of Business Finance & Accounting 33. 3/4 (2006) 329-373. Business spring Premier. Web. 6 Aug. 2012. (65 pages) Daske, H. , Hail, L. , Leuz & Verdi, R. (2008). Mandatory IFRS reporting around the world betimes evidence on the economic consequences. Journal of Accounting Research, 46, 1085-1142. Diamond, D and R, Verrecchia, 1991, Disclosure, liquidity and the cost of capital, journal of finance 46, 1325-1359. Ding, Y. , & Su, X. (2008). Implementation of IFRS in a regulated market. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 27, 474- 479.Ernst & Young, 2007b, IFRS- An option for U. S Issuer? , Hot Topic, Professional Practice Group, Ernst & yo ung LLP. Ernst & Young, DEC 2011, US GAAP versus IFRS The Basic, Ernst &Young LLP. FASB (1999). International standard setting a vision for the future. Norwalk Ferrari, Mascia, Francesco Momente, and Francesco Reggiani. Investor Preception of the International Accounting Standards Quality Inferences From Germany. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance (2011) n. pag. Business Source Complete. Web. 03 Aug. 2012.Hail, Luzi, Christian Leuz, and Peter Wysocki. Global Accounting Convergence and the Potential borrowing of IFRS by the United States An Analysis of Economic and Policy Factors by Luzi Hail, Christian Leuz, Peter Wysocki SSRN. Social Science Research Network (SSRN) Home Page. N. p. , n. d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. . IASB (2008). photograph Draft on an improved Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting The Objective of Financial Reporting and Qualitative Characteristics of Decision- Useful Financial Reporting Information.London ICAEW, 2007, EU Implementation of IFRS and the Fair Value Directive A Report for the European Commission, The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, London. Juang, Yuan, and Guochang Zhang. An Examination of the Incremental Usefulness of Balance-Sheet Information Beyod network in Explaining Stock Returns. Journal of Auditing & Finance 27. 2 (2012) n. pag. EBSCO. Web. 03 Aug. 2012 Krishnan, Sudha, and Lin Ping. Inventory Valuation Under IFRS And GAAP. Strategic Finance 93. 9 (2012) 51-58. Business Source Premier. Web. 6 Aug. 2012. (8 pages) Liu, chunhui, lee(prenominal) J. Yao. Nan Hu and Ling Liu. The Impat of IFRS on Accounting Quality in Regulated Market An Empirical study of China. Journal of Auditing & Finance 26. 4 (2001) 659-76. Business Source Complete. Web 04 aud 2012 Ramanna, Karthik , and Ewa Sletten. Why do countries adopt International Financial Reporting Standards?. Harvard Business Publication 5 Jan. 2009 09-102. Print. Rodrigo Verdi, et al. Mandatory IFRS Reporting Around The World Early E vidence On The Economic Consequences. Journal Of Accounting Research 46. 5 (2008) 1085-1142. Business Source Premier. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. Securities and exchange commission(SEC).Sec soliciting public comment on role for IFRS in the U. S Washington, DC SEC, July 25, 2007. http//www. sec. gov/news/press/2007/2007-145. htm SEC How the SEC Protects Investors, Maintains Market Integrity, and Facilitates Capital Formation (Securities and Exchange Commission). U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission Homepage. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Sept. 2012. . Soderstrom, N. S. , & Sun, K. J. (2007). IFRS adoption and accounting quality A review. European Accounting Review, 16, 675-702. Verrechia, R. , 2001, Essay on Disclosure, Journal of Accounting and Economics 32, 91-180.

History revision Essay

History- What historians chose to interpret from the surviving evidence of the past Source + Historians = Histories All historians have their own views and disports due to their upbringing hence that the process of selection and description distorts our knowledge further. Issues in historiography Training of historians Objectivity in autobiography Oral societies and muniment Problems of diachronic interrogation Universal history order- selection Source- How? Truth- Consensuses Context/ Perspectives Selection- Who decides? definition RevisionIdeology- Reputation, perspective, emerging ideas, lack of evidence Language and technique- To place emphasis and how historians chose to say methodology- How the way you put the sources? (cross-examine, verification) Facts in history History from above or below motive Judgement- Whose? Audience Linguistics History and Ideology- Political beliefs influence Explicit vs. Implicit Something clearly or implied Form of literature- poems, spee ch What are historical facts? Carl Becker 1. History is subjective- personal desires and prejudices (history changes along with societys values) 2.History is interpreted differently between people (interpreting what in the past is though) 3. History cannot be re-enacted as a series of events 4. History is written on how much the Historian can extract from the evidence and his knowledge- background, audience, purpose, motive. 5. History is pre-occupied with cold and hard facts and not keen detail (the obvious history) Case Study Herodotus The historian Born at Halicarnassus (485 BC 425 BC) Exiled due to conspiring against Persians Merchant and traveller Greek Historian Cannot be unornamented form bias (critical judgement)Educated (upper class) Harnessed ill feelings to wards Persian Motive and Purpose for Writing These are the researches of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, which he publishes, in the hope of thereby preserving from putrefaction the remembrance of what men have done, and of preventing the great and wonderful actions of the Greeks and the foreigners from losing their due need of glory and to put on track record what were their grounds of feud To commemorate To fulfil the memory of the past by putting on record the astonishing achievements both of his and other people and more particularly.To show how they come into conflict To record the glory of Greeks To record stories even where truth is impossible (fantasises, legends) Inspired by Home and Hecateus Methodology and Technique Witness accounts Values Reports Sources Interests Viewpoints Evidence Books Entertainment Evidence Observations The Mind Enquiries Language and Style (words and phrases chosen, speeches, audience) Future Generations Peoples viewpoint/ interpretation Memories Opinions Rumours Claims Honour Home and Hecateus Orally- entertaining Conflicting accounts Type of History Anthropology- ingest of mankind EthnologyTraditions, cultures and religious stories- oracles, wonders, marve ls, dreams, myths, omens, sacrifices, prophecies, fables Societies- common practices Orators, politicians, demagogues, battles and warriors Polyphonic Constructed and recorded Books- customs, legends, history and tradition (The Histories) war between Persia and Greece Social and literary narrative Similar work course from predecessors (Homer and Hecateus oral historians) Knowledge from his extensive travels Consulted witnesses and examined when of all time possible and dreams, oracles and portents His opinion on plausible reports from implausible onesIntention of publishing hence being bias (perspective) Poetry (exaggeration) doctor of the historian on historiography Set a standard no matter what (guidelines and rules) Creation of Western historical writing Include everything/ everybody Based on research Establishes historical writing as freely economic, political and diplomatic, social, sexual, religious, forces or naval History as a field (social, cultural, gendered, religious , political, military An enquiry Storytelling and slump Father of history and lies Establishes history as a mode of storytellingPost modernism style Commemorative Divine disturbance Greek pride nationalistic Remembrance Perspective of elite Greek society Broad Perspective Plethora Case Study- Thucydides The historian 460BC- 400 BC Elite, wealthy, male Early military career was cut short due to plague in Athens One of Athens ten generals Failing to save Amphipholis, he spends 20 geezerhood in exile. He returned at 404 BC. He has the opportunity to travel to both sides during the Peloponnesian War Age of the sophists- uses debates and rhetoric to argue issues Sceptical and rationalMotive and Purpose for Writing My work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public, but was done to last for ever I have written my work, not as an essay which is to win the applause of the moment, but as a possession for all time Wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians that it would be a great war and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it Does not glorify war To record Methodology and Technique High value on eyewitness testimoniesEpisodes of himself taking part Consulted written documents Interviews of participants Does not recognise divine interventions Modern historical objectivity Chronology- summers and winters Debates that he records From memory Sharp analysis of causes and effects Language and Style (words and phrases chosen, speeches, audience) To last through the ages Prose literature Speeches- adds realism Cross-examination Validity of their ideas on logic and rational mentation Debates Morals Type of History Political and military historyDetailed writing of military, naval battles, preparation for battles, encouraging speeches by generals, effects and consequences of war Peloponnesians War Events (no arts, literature or society) War of Greeks- disputes, colonies, war, envoys Fast moving, precise, directed, decisive, carefully structured and highly analytic Strict chronological method Monologic Constructed and recorded Sophists speeches (used debates and arguments and restitution argument, view and counter view, opinion and counter opinion) ObjectiveBook- History of the Peloponnesian War Headlined and narrow events- military and political and diplomatic Impact of the historian on historiography Invention of a chronological way Developed an understanding of human nature explaining behaviours in such crises (plagues, massacres and civil war) instead on divine intervention History is based on logic and rational reasons and thinking Increased of accuracy and reliability of sources Sharp analysis of causes and effectFather of scientific history- strict standard of evidence gathering and analysing of evidence History was to learn from the past therefore making better decisions in the future Didactic- to teach Vocabulary Rhetoric of uncertainty with phrases like Devoted in evoking in detail Focus on a great historical period, a period of war Analytical No criticisms Refers to an interpretation Innovative Critical World history Case Study- Horrible Histories, Teary Deary Aim/ purpose Entertainment, monetary, childrens interest in historyMotive Make a statement (anti-authority & context) as school interest in history is declining Methodology Consults historians (record, writing, collecting) Have professional actors Scripts (Performance) series on Television (BBC) Language/ style Colourful bright colours In a humorous way Stories about people, in dramatic situations, with jokes Gags predilection Impact Refocus the presentation of history to young children From being dry and dull to with humour History is now acceptable to be shown on TV for children Information of history has changed dramatically Case Study- Bede

Mike Tyson; It’s Not What You Think Essay

This biographical sketch will explore microphone Tysons life of victories, personal, and professional losses. Mike Tyson, born Michael Gerard Tyson, was born June 30, 1966, in Brooklyn, New York to lever Kirkpatrick and Lorna Tyson. Jimmy abandoned the family in 1968, when Mike was two years old, leaving Lorna to care for Mike and his two siblings, Rodney and Denise. My selection of Mike Tyson for a case show was based a several intriguing factors roughly him that gained my attention. Any documentary and/or interview that Ive viewed on Mike Tyson, I initially reckon into his eyes. The eyes are the window to our souls, and his eyes share the pains hes suffered in his life. Over the past 27 years, Mike Tyson has been described as erratic, volatile, and somewhat unstable. His mother, Lorna was an alcoholic and died from cancer when he was only 16 and his sister, Denise died of a heart attack due to obesity in 1991 at the age of 25, wee is known about his father, Jimmy. The oldest s ibling Rodney is a physician assistant in the trauma center of a Los Angeles hospital.As a boy Tyson became a cutpurse on public buses, rolled drunks and mugged old ladies of their purses. By the time he was 13, he had been arrested 38 times. Tyson lived in and around high crime neighborhood throughout his pre-teen and adolescent years. His very first fight was with a neighborhood youth that was larger than him, who had removed the head of one of Tysons pigeons. Mike was transferred to a domesticize school for boys in Johnstown, New York, where he met a counselor named Bob Stewart, who was also a former amateur boxing champion. Stewart trained Mike on how to use his fist to fight Mike was so determined to learn everything about boxing. He would often sneak out of bed after curfew to expend throwing punches in the dark. In 1980, Mike was introduced to the late legendary boxing manager, Cus DAmato. DAmato provided room and board for Mike, and developed a close relationship with him . Mike looked to DAmato as his mentor and as a father. Tyson was classified as learning disabled because he could only read at the level of a seventh grader while in high school. After the death of his mother, he was expelled from Catskill High School and continued schooling through private tutors as he prepared for the 1984 Olympic trials.Develop cordial psychology is defined as the study of physical and cognitive changes from birth until death. (M.U.S.E., 2010) Physical changes are measured by height, weight, and strengths during the diametrical stages of your life beginning with conception through childhood, and adolescence through adulthood and finally death. (M.U.S.E., 2010) Motivation is defined as forces determining behavior the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that trigger off and direct behavior. (Encarta, 2012) There are several theories stating various opinions on motivation, the most popular being Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. It argues that w e as individuals are motivated to assemble a specific need, when we have a sense of belonging we are motivated by a desire to be held in esteem. Maslows pecking order of needs are as follows self-actualization (doing your own best thing), esteem (need to be recognized, self-respect, and respect of others), belonging (being accepted, becoming a part of something), safety (psychological, physical, secure), physiological (sex, hunger, rest). (Goal, 2013) spirit is defined as the totality of somebodys attitudes, interests, behavioral patterns, emotional responses, social roles, and other individual traits that endure over long periods of time. During an independent medical evaluation performed in September 1998 for the Nevada State Athletic Commission, Tyson gave a history of repeated head injuries as a child. The injuries included multiple episodes of loss of sentience as a result of being struck with various objects during street fights. During this evaluation process, Tyson was al so questioned about symptoms of depression. After eight visits with a psychiatrist, Tyson was diagnosed with dysthymic disorder (chronic depression) and issues cogitate to his personality by Dr. Richard Goldberg, MD, prior to the independent medical evaluation.Its difficult to assess when this disorder began, before the evaluation took place, Tysons boxing license was hang up for biting Evander Holyfields ear during a boxing match. Dysthymic disorder is a type of chronic depression when a persons biliousnesss are regularly low. The symptoms are not as severe as with other major depression disorders. The main symptom of this disorder is a low, dark, or sad mood on most days for a period of two years. Dysthymic disorders increase the risk of suicide. Some patients recover completely, while others continue to display the symptoms, even with treatment. (Fava, 2008)Psychology in the workplace helps employees and enterprises to achieve truly sustainable growth in workplace performance . Porath, MacInnis, & Folkes (2010) found that when an employee mistreated or was uncivil (e.g., being rude or discourteous, ignoring or making derogatory remarks, passing blame for their own mistakes, belittling the efforts of others, etc.) toward another employee, customers who witnessed it tended to make negative generalizations about (a) others who work for the firm, (b) the firm as a whole, and (c) future encounters with the firm, inferences that went well beyond the rudeness incident (p. 292). What researchers discovered was that consumers were also negatively affected even when they were mere observers of incivility between employees (Porath et al., 2010, p. 301).A great deal of public sector employees in the United States found that 71% of respondents reported at least some experience of workplace incivility from a supervisory program or coworker (e.g., being treated rudely or discourteously, having a coworker or boss ignore or make derogatory remarks, being blamed for a c olleagues mistakes, being belittled, having someone set them up to fail, being shut out of a team, etc.) during the previous 5 years, and 6% reported experiencing much(prenominal) behavior many times (Cortina, Magley, Williams, & Langhout, 2001). Lim, Cortina, and Magley (2008) found that (1) uncivil work experiences also appear to have a direct negative influence on mental health (p. 104), (2) employees who experienced incivility were more likely to be dissatisfied with their boss and coworkers than with the job itself, and (3) those personal experiences of workplace incivility can lead to them eventually quitting their jobs.ReferencesM.U.S.E., Conception through childhood and Adulthood (2010)Mike Tyson. (2012). Biography.com. http//www.biography.com/people/mike-tysonFava M, Cassano P. Mood disorders major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder. In Stern TA, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M, Biederman J, Rauch SL, eds.Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. 1st ed. Philadelphia, Pa Mosby Elsev ier 2008 http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001916/Holmes, Leonard. (2006) Mike Tysons Assessment. Retrieved from About.com Mental Health http//mentalhealth.about.com/cs/academicpsychology/a/tyson_2.htmCortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64-80.Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J. (2008). Personal and workgroup incivility Impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 95-107. doi10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.95 Pearson, C. & Porath, C. (2009). The cost of bad behavior How incivility is damaging your business and what to do about it. New York, NY Portfolio. Porath, C., MacInnis, D., & Folkes, V. (2010). Witnessing incivility among employees Effects on consumer anger and negative inferences about companies. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 292-303.

Bullying in School

Bullying 1. I read the article, Jury Orders groom District to Pay $800,000 to Bullied Student. This article was ab tabu a son named Dane Patterson, who had been bullied all through middle condition and his early high discipline c areer. He claims that the school failed to protect him from familys of hector, and it finally came to be enough when he was sexually harassed in the console room. As a result to this, the Patterson family filed a lawsuit under Title IX of the Equal Opportunity in Education Act, using the sexual bedevilment story as the basis.This week, the jury ordered the school district to pay Dane $800,000 to make up for the damages and hurt compositors cased by the ongoing situation. Anti- hector experts argue that this finding of fact will send a clear message to schools that they are in fact amenable for sexual anguish and pranceing, and that they must keep a ceaseless eye out for such behavior. 2. In my opinion, I do not think schools should be held full y responsible for bullying.I think that maybe they should make much of an effort to pr pull downt it, but there is no way they sack up take care of all the bullying issues that happen in school. For example, some kids siret even make an effort to ask for help, or let any iodin know they are being bullied, so the school shouldnt be held responsible for a situation they arent even aware is occurring to begin with. In Danes situation however, I conceptualise the school should be held responsible because he clearly asked for help and didnt receive any, and this had been going on since middle schoolI think that schools should be fully accountable nevertheless if the youngster seeks out help numerous times and doesnt receive it, or if the school doesnt do everything in their power to make the bullying go away. On the other hand, there are some situations which the school cannot control, like I said in the basic example if that is the case, I dont believe the school should be held responsible. 3. I believe that the parents of the bullys should be held at least slimly responsible for their childs actions because past they could stop the bullying before it gets out of control.Ultimately, schools are responsible for keeping an eye out on bullying and regulating the behavior, but there are some cases in which they just cannot control, and then they shouldnt be held responsible. Obesity 1. For obesity, I read the article, Pepsi Initiates Move to comforter Sugared Soft Drinks from give lessonss in two hundred Countries. This article was about PepsiCo Incs announcement, as of Tuesday of this week, about how they planning to remove all of their full-calorie sweetened soft drinks from schools in more than 200 countries by the year 2012 to reduce the curl of obesity.The article also mentions that earlier this month, Coca-Cola made a similar announcement, but they feel they should only eliminate soft drink gross sales from schools only if parents make a reques t. Of course, both companies realize that eliminating soft drinks will not end the rising trend of childhood obesity, but they believe that study better eating and drinking habits in schools are certainly a step in the right direction. 2. I dont think that schools should be held accountable for obesity in any sense.Schools should strive to sell healthier food, but they are not the cause of obesity. The school is not responsible for the count of food a child buys, so schools should not be responsible for obesity. 3. In my opinion, obesity is more caused by eating habits in life orthogonal of school, such as home or going out and getting fast food all the time. Its even genetic. I dont believe schools should be responsible for obesity because the child controls their own eating habits, not the school.Bullying in SchoolBullying should be a crime. It is very cruel and unethical. Each day an estimated 160,000 students miss school for fear of being bullied and 10 percent of students wh o drop out do so because of repeated bullying (Dalton 1). The way it makes children feel isnt fair. Imagine that happening to yourself. Bullying in schools presents problems to every age group therefore there should be more bullying prevention programs to help get rid of the problem. Younger age Bullying is a topic that needs to be talked about.Younger age is defined from kindergarten to seventh grade. Children bully because they feel they need to overpower mountain. They also bully because they think they are better than others or some people just have a low self-esteem. When Younger kids bully it is normally name calling, teasing, or fashioning fun of them by the way they look, speak, or even how smart they are Older age bullying is another one of my topics. Older age bullying is defined from the grades of eighth to a senior in high school.People in the Older age group bully for mainly the same reasons. When older people normally bully, it is a lot more decompose then younger a ge bullying. Although most victims of bullying in schools are too meek to take matter into their own hands, a few of them can be pushed to certain critical limits. 60% of identified bullies during their grade 6-9 years eventually got involved in at least one criminal reliance by age 24. Bullying in Schools (1). Older age bullying normally ends up violent and is a lot more severe then younger age bullying.They get into fights or harassment is filed, these are the main things that happen. People will take all of someones strength and will and harass or fight them just to make them feel better about themselves. This is bad because the children who are being bullied do not deserve what they are getting. Nobody deserves to be harassed and manipulated for no reason or any reason. Most of the time, the people that are being bullied, it isnt their fault at all. Prevention is another athletic field of concern.According to the online article, Bullying Academy, every school needs a anti-bul ly website for students, educators, and parents. This world needs to realize what is going on with bullying in schools and take action(1). any school should have monitors of bullying throughout the halls and classrooms all day long. This is just one thing you could do to prevent bullying. There are many things that you could do, depending on what one your school board would like the most. Every city or town should take money from their funds and put it into schools and bullying prevention programs.According to the online article pity School Community, prevention focuses on strengthening students connectedness to schoolan important element for increasing academic motivation and achievement and for reducing drug use, violence, and delinquency. Every school should have a bullying prevention program, where parents and students could come and learn about bullying. These programs could also talk about how it affects people. They should give statistics about what people who bully end up doing in their lives and what people that dont bully end up doing in their lives. I also think we are making important progress towards discovering how successful anti-bullying programs can be (Dr. Ken 1). Bullying in schools is wrong and we should have more bullying prevention programs. My main mind in writing this paper is to inform people that bullying is wrong. Also I wish that everyone be more aware about the situation, and dont deny it because it is happening whether you would like to admit it or not. People need to stand up and take charge and make a change in peoples lives. People who are being bullied would love if you took a couple hours of your week just to help them get over the struggles in life.Bullying in SchoolBullying 1. I read the article, Jury Orders School District to Pay $800,000 to Bullied Student. This article was about a boy named Dane Patterson, who had been bullied all through middle school and his early high school career. He claims that the school fail ed to protect him from years of bullying, and it finally came to be enough when he was sexually harassed in the locker room. As a result to this, the Patterson family filed a lawsuit under Title IX of the Equal Opportunity in Education Act, using the sexual harassment story as the basis.This week, the jury ordered the school district to pay Dane $800,000 to make up for the damages and trauma caused by the ongoing situation. Anti-bullying experts argue that this verdict will send a clear message to schools that they are in fact responsible for sexual harassment and bullying, and that they must keep a constant eye out for such behavior. 2. In my opinion, I do not think schools should be held fully responsible for bullying.I think that maybe they should make more of an effort to prevent it, but there is no way they can take care of all the bullying issues that happen in school. For example, some kids dont even make an effort to ask for help, or let anyone know they are being bullied, s o the school shouldnt be held accountable for a situation they arent even aware is occurring to begin with. In Danes situation however, I believe the school should be held responsible because he clearly asked for help and didnt receive any, and this had been going on since middle schoolI think that schools should be fully accountable only if the child seeks out help numerous times and doesnt receive it, or if the school doesnt do everything in their power to make the bullying go away. On the other hand, there are some situations which the school cannot control, like I said in the first example if that is the case, I dont believe the school should be held responsible. 3. I believe that the parents of the bullys should be held at least somewhat responsible for their childs actions because then they could stop the bullying before it gets out of control.Ultimately, schools are responsible for keeping an eye out on bullying and regulating the behavior, but there are some cases in which t hey just cannot control, therefore they shouldnt be held responsible. Obesity 1. For obesity, I read the article, Pepsi Initiates Move to Pull Sugared Soft Drinks from Schools in 200 Countries. This article was about PepsiCo Incs announcement, as of Tuesday of this week, about how they planning to remove all of their full-calorie sweetened soft drinks from schools in more than 200 countries by the year 2012 to reduce the trend of obesity.The article also mentions that earlier this month, Coca-Cola made a similar announcement, but they feel they should only eliminate soft drink sales from schools only if parents make a request. Of course, both companies realize that eliminating soft drinks will not end the rising trend of childhood obesity, but they believe that learning better eating and drinking habits in schools are certainly a step in the right direction. 2. I dont think that schools should be held accountable for obesity in any sense.Schools should strive to sell healthier food , but they are not the cause of obesity. The school is not responsible for the amount of food a child buys, so schools should not be responsible for obesity. 3. In my opinion, obesity is more caused by eating habits in life outside of school, such as home or going out and getting fast food all the time. Its even genetic. I dont believe schools should be responsible for obesity because the child controls their own eating habits, not the school.

Louise Bourgeois Essay

Much can be learned from the environment within which we live. What we see tells a lot about the society in which we live belief system politics economic undertakings kinship and material culture among others. Through material culture, we can get insight into the world that existed colossal before us. Culture can be defined as the way of life of people depicting their shared experiences, political and sacred beliefs, technology, insights, attitudes, and material objects. (Li & Karakowsky)The eminent can be defined as the priced greatness or vast intensity in terms of biological, moral, mental, metaphysical, beauty, art or religion. Sublime is experienced everyplace and over. It is embedded in our history, being, values, thoughts, concepts, world views, beliefs, and is responsible for our personalities (Bernadac 2007 p20) Main Body One of Americas renowned artist and sculptor, Louise buttoned-down, managed to capture the American Sublime by her artistic undertaking.She was born in Paris, France in December 25, 1911 but traveled to America in 1938 to perfect her artistic endeavor. She studied mathematics at the Sorbonne, and film and sculpture in Ecole du Louvre, Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and Art Students League of New York. She scarpered as an assistant to Fernand Henri Leger- a French sculptor, painter, and film maker. She is popular for her work that depicts spiders, sculptures, drawings and literary work (National Gallery of Canada 2005 p16).As a way of depicting the society in which she was living, Bourgeois work is full of inanimate images of horrifying fear, ghosts, darkness, tortured people, and disabling mental illness to attempt to get at the source of these emotions and to uphold normality even in times of chaos. Her works helped depict the intellectual climate, social and historic conditions that existed then. (Gorovoy et al 2006 pp 27 -28) She captured the effects of the First World War done carving limbless sculptures and detached limbs and ha d most of his paintings and sculptures painted black to depict finale and mourning, (Gorovoy et al 2006 p 24) e. g. the two headless fabric bodies attempting to make love shown below.She depicts the revolution of the western politics, largely constructivism, through posters that expressed sympathy towards the Russian administration which she displayed in Moscow. The Tate Modern exhibition catalogue indicates her inclination towards Communism. Bourgeois made knock off art pieces that reflected on her childhood experiences showing how relationships within the family were entwined together consequently bringing in the aspect of kinship, socialization and acculturation.This depicts how her art gives us insight to how children were brought up back then. (Lippard 2003 pp 9-10) Her Femme Maison and Fallen woman series introduced the aspect of liberation of women. They portrayed a female struggling to outgrow some house like structures within which she is trapped that is attempting to outgrow the maleness into which the women were entrapped. She depicts a rebellion against the negative masculinity through her work, The Destruction of a Father, in which rock figures surround a sacrificial slab full of butchered body parts. ThusIt has been suggested that her sculpture, The Blind Leading the Blind, has a religious connotation. According to Desmond Michael and Lloyd Michael (1870-1970) Bourgeois, inspired by the Cold War, made this sculpture and that the title was picked from the New Testament verse (Matthew 1514) that describes how a blind man wind another blind man would end up in a ditch. The structure is shown below (Bernadac 2007) Bourgeois contribution to the American Sublime is best captured in New Yorks Guggenheim Museum, the Centre Pompidou in Paris and Londons Tate Modern with their massive collection of her art work.In conclusion, the American Sublime has been captured through art in poetry, carvings, paintings, songs, books, and which take us back to th e origins of the cultures of past American societies. Just like the origins of the American sublime can be traced through canvass works of art, similarly, so can we understand much about its revolution from the contemporary art works. Louise Bourgeois has managed to get this through her sculptures, drawings and works of art reflecting abstract as well as tangible aspects of living that relate to feelings, political standing, material culture, religious inclination, beliefs and kinship.References Bernadac, M (2007) Louise Bourgeois Rizzoli International North America pp 18 24 Gorovoy, J. , Carver R. & Read C. (2006) Louise Bourgeois Bellport Press University of Michigan pp 21-35 Lippard R (2003) Overlay contemporary art and the art of prehistory Pantheon Books NY pp 7-16 National Gallery of Canada (2005) Louise Bourgeois Maman National Gallery Canada press pp 14-17

Railroads

It was first developed in England in the 17th century. In the year 1827, The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) was the first to offer scheduled freight and passenger helper to the public in the US and quickly became the prime mover of people and goods. Due to the rapid amplification in demand, importance and feasibility, rail tracks could be laid anywhere and the volume of land potentially entryible for development expanded tremendously.In the beginning it was difficult o predict with certainty which sites with rail road access will be in demand and at what price. Soon Railroads became the principle mode of transportation and areas started depending on rail access for growth and survival. Many municipalities as well as paid subsidies to private rail road firms to exit service to their communities. The giant rail road companies not only received the right-of-way from the government but also millions of acres of land along their proposed route. The companies got half the land withi n 6 to 40 miles of the right-of-way and the government hold the other half.The companies sold some of their land at appreciated prices and also retained vast acreage so that they can mortgage it and get capital. This turned out to be a good creative thinker especially when politicians and citizens tried to force the sale of land. Over the years, railroad companies have retained ownership of vast quantity of urban and rural land. The land has been sold, leased, developed and has been used for all purposes. Even today, in many another(prenominal) cities, rail road companies are still the biggest private land owners. Some of them have even create real estate divisions to get greater returns on their assets.

How To Improve Student Learning Education Essay

Recently, the subject of how to kick downstairs pupil acquisition has been of considerable involvement in the administrative and academic community. There is in any case considerable treatment ab emerge the importance of assignments, prep, quizzes, and exertions as it relates to school-age child acquisition ( Smith, Zsidisin, & A Adams 2005 ) . This concern for assignments, quizzes, examinations, and how to guarantee pupils atomic number 18 maximising their authorship, is the set upation for this survey. For many parents, pedagogues, and t to each atomic number 53ers, customary quizzes are an seemingly infallible prescription for bettering pupil globe showing ( Finn & A Achilles 2003 ) .As Hughes ( 2003 ) states that the consequence of proving on instruction and acquisition is known as a wash back consequence and it can be harmful or sizeable. If a trial is regarded as of import and the bets are high, readying for it can radiation mock up all instruction and acquisi tion activities. Furthermore, he noted that wash back can be viewed as quite a little of something more oecumenical- the impact of judgment. The impact in educational measuring is non limited to the consequence of appraisal on acquisition and instruction but extends to the manner in which assessment affects society as a whole.Celce-Murcia ( 2001 ) asserted that the ability to show thoughts in composing in a second or unconnected lingual conversation and to make with sensible coherency and truth is a study accomplishment. So this musical theme addresses the impact of constructed- solution and selected- reply quizzes as scheme for forward-moving pupil composing accomplishments.University teachers confine themselves mostly to multiple- pick or selected- response trial as a lowest scrutiny for the interest of objectivity ( Brown 2001 ) . That is, the give-up the ghost of shop electric pig of constructed- response quizzes in which the pupil must supply the specify reply, whether in a word, sentence, or try signifier and selected- response quizzes is someway neglected in universities. It cogency be that fixing selected- response and constructed- response quizzes is more demanding on teachers, need strict marking, and evaluation and administrating of these trials capacity every bit will be more hard, clip consuming, and debatable. But constructed- response quizzes in which pupils responses comprise of the production of linguistic communication sample may be helpful to EFL productive unrestricted notification.As research workers such as Mirhassani & A Rahimipour ( 2003 ) claim that about all Persian teachers confine themselves to mid- enclosure and concluding scrutinies and all splitroom- give trials in our state ( Iran ) are based tumescently on distinct excite points. Besides the consequences of surveies such as Gary ( 1972 ) and Arrasmith, Sheehan & A Applebaum ( 1984 ) reenforce the demand for farther research in the function of provi ng in measuring and advancing pupils coning and believing. So the chief consideration in this research will be whether the perennial disposal of quizzes affects the abilities of Persian EFL scholars public debut and particularly their formal face in familiar authorship accomplishments.Reappraisal of LiteratureInterest in how to better pupil acquisition is non new. It is a cosmopolitan concern among parents, pedagogues, teachers, and decision makers of educational establishments. It is by and large assumed that quizzes and trials are a requirement for a successful completion of class plants. In pattern, co-worker and university teachers list regulations and guidelines related to quizzes and trials outlooks for pupils ( Felix 2005 ) . He considers quizzes and trials to be the pupil s duty and he/she is expected to take all quizzes, trials, and complete all assignments.Geist & A Soehren ( 1997 ) besides investigated the effects of frequent quizzes on dental pupil public mapation in a class on introductory radiology. Consequences indicated that the multitude with frequent quizzes performs significantly better on mid-term and concluding scrutinies than the see to it group. In relation to the surveies of frequent quizzing and public presentation, they conclude that frequent quizzes had a good and important influence on pupil public presentation and claim that the positive effects on public presentation increase as quizzes increased. Therefore, they further found that the positive affair for academic public presentation, and learning had an influential independent consequence on acquisition.Freilich ( 1989 ) examined the impacts of frequent testing on pupil public presentation in a general chemical acquaintance class. He found that quizzes were a determiner of pupil public presentation. These surveies clearly suggest there is added shelter to pupils who take quizzes. If pupils who take quizzes outperform those who experienced no quizzes, it seems sensible to reason that something is happening as a consequence of pupils who were exposed to test. Therefore, the research workers hypothesized that pupils with hebdomadary quizzes, non merely execute better on trials but besides learn more.Gary ( 1972 ) in relation to the consequence of frequent quizzes disposal on illative thought do a research with indiscriminately selected groups. The initial group took eight hebdomadal quizzes necessitating pupils to remember declared facts eyepatch the 2nd group took hebdomadally quizzes necessitating pupils to pull illations about political involvements of several spiritual, economic, and geographic groups. Four trials were administered at the terminal of this intervention period. Consequence showed that frequent quizzes disposal affect significantly the scholars public presentation.Study of Tuckman ( 2008 ) shows that frequent proving provides incentive motives. Frequently tried pupils outperform another(prenominal) pupils on scrutinies. He men tions that what it might be herd a pupil to acquire information into long- term memory are trials. Trials motivate pupils because they create the happen or necessity to accomplish success or avoid failure. In that manner, trials provide an inducement to ascertain and they are a beginning of incentive motive. The overall consequences clearly showed that the frequent trials enhanced motive for pupils who fox typically performed ill to acquire content into long- term memory instead than simply aiming for them what to analyze.Weekly, in-class quizzes are based on some proving specializer such as Ruscio ( 2001 ) and Wilder, Flood & A Stomsnes ( 2001 ) have been associated with positive larning outcomes including increased pupil accomplishment attending, and assurance. Their survey shows that frequent quizzes reportedly maintain pupil survey attempt and ascension class battle. The research literature, nevertheless, does non nem con back up the achievement benefits of quizzes. For i llustration, Haberyan ( 2003 ) provided two subdivisions of general biological information pupils with hebdomadal in- house drive quizzes two tantamount subdivisions did non admission price quizzes. Although pupils rated the quizzes favourably and believed that they were helpful in fixing for in- category scrutiny, there were no important accomplishment differences across subdivisions. Kluger & A Denisi ( 1997 ) conducted a meta- analysis on feedback intercessions, including quizzes, and reason that such feedback does non ever heighten learner public presentation and may, in some instances, have disconfirming effects.Bryan ( 1998 ) conducted a research on factors lending to a decrease in race based subgroup differences on a constructed- response paper and pencil trial of accomplishment. Consequences showed that the constructed- response trial format may be a feasible option to the traditional multiple- pick format in predicators of occupation public presentation and at the sam e time cut down subgroup differences and subsequent inauspicious impact on trials of cognition, accomplishment, ability, and accomplishment. However, spear carrier research is needed to further show the rightness of the constructed- response format as an option to traditional testing methods.Chowdhury, Al-share & A Miller ( 2005 ) express that in an epoch characterized by speed uping technological alteration, increase economic uncertainness, low pupil accomplishment, and turning demand for answerability, educational establishments are challenged to fix pupils to work successfully in their chosen callings in the universe. They believe hebdomadal quizzes and their reappraisals, it is easier for an teacher to cognize earlier on how good the pupils understand each talk or construct and that is best larning when the teacher actively engages or involves pupils to larn by making the quizzes.In mensurating composing abilities Harris ( 1996 ) discussed that, examiner may be sensitive to gra mmatical forms discriminate to the scripted accomplishment and we know that many pupils may neglect to utilize such forms. Therefore, if our trial is to hold relevancy and cogency it should incorporate the sorts of formal grammatical points by which the pupils will later be judged in real- life state of affairs. Such sort of formal organisational forms that might include in our trials of composing accomplishments are subject- verb understanding, structural correspondence, analyze of adjectives, formation of adverbs, formation of irregular verbs, and so forth.Therefore, with respect to larning benefits of quizzes, research findings have been inappropriate and therefore inconclusive. Brothen & A Wambach ( 2001 ) , describe a developmental psychological science class in which pupils had entree to computerise quizzes as tools to fix for proctored scrutinies. Their consequences indicated that passing more clip taking quizzes and taking them more propagation was related to hapless ex am public presentation. They province that a possible account for this consequence is that pupils use the text edition to reply quiz points and mistakenly interpreted high quiz tonss as common mood mood of content command.Grabe & A Sigler ( 2001 ) , on the other manus, provided pupils with four online survey tools multiple- pick pattern trial points, short reply pattern trial points, talk notes, and text edition notes. Students often accessed multiple- pick pattern trial points no information was provided on the usage of short reply inquiries because really few pupils make usage of this resource. Students who made usage of the tools academically outperformed those who did non.Mirhassani and Rahimipour ( 2003 ) studied the relationship between quiz, frequence of disposal, and Persian EFL scholars public presentation on summational accomplishment trials. Their survey showed that completion quizzes with 10 clock frequence of disposal work better with the improvement of Persian EF L scholars public presentation on summational accomplishment trials. They say that the more pupils receive quizzes on the content of the book taught, the more they learn the stuffs taught in deepness.Methodology1. ParticipantsThe survey is conducted at Moslem Azad university of Dehloran. Sixty male and female pupils within the age scope of 18 to 20 took portion in this research. They were chosen among sophomore pupils based on non- random convenient trying method. They all major in package computing machine technology and were all native talkers of Persian. To guarantee whether the participants were homogenous, a linguistic communication proficiency trial ( Fowler & A Coe 1976 ) was administered as a pre- trial. Then, the pupils were indiscriminately divided into two groups, and each group included 30 pupils.2. InstrumentalityThree instruments were used in this survey. Their dependability coefficients were estimated based on KR- 21 expression. The root instrument was a general linguistic communication proficiency trial ( Fowler & A Coe 1976 ) in instal to happen out lingual abilities of participants. Its dependability coefficient was calculated by KR-21 expression as ( r= .79 ) . The 2nd 1 was 10 quizzes of constructed- response points as intervention in the survey. Last 1s, was a parallel authorize summational accomplishment trial administered as a post- trial in order to look into out the effects of the research variable.3. ProcedureAt the beginning, a general linguistic communication proficiency trial ( Appendix A ) was given to 115 package computing machine technology pupils ( i.e. , 48 males and 67 females in Islamic Azad university of Dehloran ) who were invited to take this trial as a pre- trial in this survey. This trial included 50 multiple-choice points which was adapted by the research worker in conformity with an reliable testing book written by Fowler and Coe ( 1976 ) . After roll uping informations, the responses of participants were ana lyzed. Then 60 pupils whose public presentation ranged from one standard dissimilitude above and one below the mean were chosen for this survey.Over a 12 hebdomad period, a autumn semester in 2008, the offshoot group received constructed- response quizzes, and the control group served as the control group to formalize this survey. Over all, experimental group received ten quizzes which lasted about 10-15 proceedingss, during 10 hebdomads. The first hebdomad was spent on the account of process and besides participants were asked to go to and take a linguistic communication proficiency trial ( Fowler & A Coe 1976 ) . From the 2nd hebdomad till the terminal of the term the participants took hebdomadal quizzes. Following each subdivision, pupils quizzes were collected and range by the research worker, and they were informed that the norm of their classs on these quizzes of general English book would number toward their concluding class every bit much as one of the major class scrut inies. At the terminal of the term, participants were given a parallel summational achievement trial in order to mensurate the grade of the linguistic communication scholars success in the formal organisation in general authorship accomplishments.Datas AnalysisAt the beginning, the pupils tonss on pre- trial were obtained so descriptive statistics, mean and standard conflict of each group, were calculated. Consequences indicated that the agencies for these groups were similar. prorogue 1 is a study of pre- trial which was administered as the homogeneousness trial. The mean rafts showed that the groups did non much differ in relation to their background cognition. The low criterion divergence signifies that the pupils public presentations were really near to each other. In other words, their average tonss showed no important differences.Table 1. Descriptive statistics of pre- trialGroupsNitrogenMinimumMaximumMeanSouth dakotaControl30274.83331.5264Constructed30274.50001.6552Entir e60274.66661.5908At the terminal of the term, a parallel summational achievement trial was administered to the pupils. Table 2 shows the post- trial consequences descriptively.Table 2. Descriptive statistics of post- trialGroupsNitrogenMinimumMaximumMeanSouth dakotaControl30295.73332.1642Constructed30101713.16661.8000Entire606139.44991.9821Consequences showed that the pupils public presentation in the concluding scrutinies were drastically different. Therefore, their average tonss were significantly different comparing to each other. Table 3 compares the public presentation of the groups by T-test.Table 3. T-test for the control and constructed groupsGroupsNitrogenMeandft-obs2-tails sog.Control305.73335814.4580.05Constructed3013.1666This tabular array indicates that the difference is important at.05 alpha degrees. It can be claimed that frequent quizzes disposal, as Ballard and Johnson ( 2004 ) claim, better pupils public presentation. On all steps of composing achievement pupils who received 10 times constructed- response quizzes outperformed pupils who did nt have this survey tool.DiscussionThe consequences of the survey made it clear that taking constructed- response quiz leads to better scholars composing public presentation. This survey provides grounds that module will probably draw a driblet on their pupils to take hebdomadal constructed- response quizzes. Therefore, the research worker can claim that frequent constructed- response quizzes better the formal organisation in general authorship accomplishments. The consequence of this survey confirmed our forecasting that pupils who took hebdomadally constructed- response quizzes would demo better keeping of grammatical forms than would pupils who were non engaged in the hebdomadal graded constructed- response quizzes.The consequences of this survey revealed that hebdomadal quizzes can hold a greater impact than antecedently found by Derouza & A Fleming ( 2003 ) and Haberyan ( 2003 ) . They studied s cientific discipline pupils opus the sample in this survey was cadaverous from package computing machine technology pupils. They found that pupils public presentation was non strongly impacted while the research worker found significantly better public presentation. More surveies with different population majoring in other Fieldss of survey are needed to better our apprehension of how pupil s public presentation is impacted by hebdomadal quizzes, for case, classs in physical scientific disciplines.These findings clearly suggest that hebdomadal quizzing ( constructed- response ) is of import in larning English authorship accomplishments. In pre- intermediate degree, as Harris ( 1996 ) claims, composing exercisings should by and large be used merely to reenforce the acquisition of specific grammatical points or lexical points. Teachers experiences showed that EFL scholars by and large have deficient cognition of English composing accomplishments in pre- intermediate degree. This h as prompted us and other research workers like Baker ( 1989 ) and Werner ( 1993 ) to stress the importance of constructed- response quizzes alternatively of other survey tools and to domicile constructed- response quiz as the most effectual instrument to utilize because tapped on composing accomplishments of pupils. The betterment among the composing abilities of participants were striking where they took constructed- response quizzes.DecisionBased on the statistics done, it can be concluded that repeated constructed- response quizzes receives the first precedence. Therefore, there was a important difference between the Hagiographas public presentation of the group who received 10 times constructed- response quizzes and the group who did nt have any quizzes.The findings indicated that constructed- response quizzes can be used for advancing different accomplishments and constituent of linguistic communication acquisition hence, trial interior decorators should take constructed- re sponse quizzes. The findings of the present survey gave empirical support to this position. This, as a rule of linguistic communication usage, is didactically primordial in the instruction and testing of linguistic communication acquisition and needs to be taken in to account in the design of suited instructional stuffs and in the methodological analysis of schoolroom instruction.Pedagogical DeductionsBased on the research findings, this survey gives the undermentioned deductions and suggestions to EFL scholars and teachers that may be helpful in developing EFL linguistic communication acquisition, instruction, and proving. Teachers have got to supply pupils with appropriate feedback. Repeated disposal of quizzes may pave the manner for better acquisition, influence the pupils to larn, supply adequate feedback for the pupils, and find the weak and strong points of pupils. All these can stop in long- term keeping of the stuffs taught and prevent the pupils from inquiring for their scrutiny.Though many of the surveies should be regarded as plants in advancement instead than concluding surveies, this survey does efficaciously foreground some of the complexnesss involved in current quiz research. By so we should be seeing new coevals of wash dorsum surveies which are progressively civilize and refined.

Coca Cola Share A Coke This Summer

However, in reality the coca pinhead Company has a wider target market because the wargon is addressed to everyone and everywhere. Usually the consumers (both males and females)who use the reaping are between 12 and 32 years old. Second, in the video we can rede that the consumers are buying the product, this shows the reputation of the trademark in the mind of the consumers and a few seconds later we can see more people buying Coca-Cola in massive amounts which reflects the power, the preference and the loyalty that the consumers have to the Coca-Cola brand.In the video, after the consumers brought the product we can see them having fun, having barbecues, having arties and playing on the street with their friends, in that moment Coca-Cola is telling us the viewers that the purpose of this video is non only to show the popularity of the brand but also that the company is not just about selling goods to the consumers but also selling events ( Examples World cup and the Olympics) and experiences ( Examples Walt Disney magic farming and music/sports camps) to the consumers.Coca-Cola is the number one company of soft drinks around the world, the margin between it and its is competitors is huge, so the dry land that Coca-Cola peps doing the advertising is not to increase their sales, but to remind people that Coca-Cola is here, is number one and the consumers should drink puff once in a while(Hardball Peter, 2014) . Like this advertising and many others, Coca-Cola focus on the principle of share-out not only sharing with families and friends but also sharing happiness, moments and experience. This attitude of sharing IS key emulous advantage against their competitors which only focus on sales.Finally, the video is showing a strategy to put their consumers call on the tootles. The purpose of this idea is to create an individualized or personalized product for the customers for the summer of 2014 because in summer, is the perfect time to be with other peopl e and share moments of happiness with everyone. According to the senior delinquency president Stuart Kerosene the message of this advertising is to drink a coke with your name on it and offer the event to another person makes these minutes much more extraordinary (Money Jay, 2014).Another strategy for the development of this commercial-grade was the flexibility to low the consumers to promote the brand across social media. Jennifer Whelan group director of Coca Cola North America says Its about statement toward oneself, individual narrating and staying associated with companions. Share a Coke takes advantage of those passions. She also adds that At the point when teenagers see that the iconic.